Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

Yazarlar

  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2020Scopus SJRQ3
    Determination of physicochemical and microbiological properties and fatty acid composition of butter produced in Trabzon, Turkey

    Akgül, Halil İbrahim; Şengül, Mustafa; Ürkek, Bayram; Kotan, Tuba Erkaya

    In this study, the some physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions and microbiological properties of butter samples were studied. Butter samples (n = 30) were randomly collected from different local markets. Thus, butter samples were evaluated in terms of Turkish regulations, food safety and quality. The mean values of the butter samples for peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), Polenske value, Reichert-Meissl (RM) and Refractive index (RI) values were determined as 0.85 mEqO2 kg-1, 30.03, 220.09, 1.30, 25.60 and 1.4611, respectively. The moisture and fat values were not in harmony with Turkish Food Codex Butter, Other Milk Fat Based Spreadable Products and Anhydrous Milkfat Notification (the highest moisture content 16%, the lowest fat content 80%) in 23 and 13 butter samples, respectively. The salt values were coherent with Turkish Food Codex in all butter samples. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) rate of the butter samples was ranged from 0.15 to 1.32%. The average values of coliforms, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and mould and yeasts counts were determined as 1.67, 6.33 and 5.22 log CFU g-1, respectively.

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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2020Scopus SJRQ1
    Temperature dependent current- and capacitance-voltage characteristics of W/n-Si structures with two-dimensional WS2 and three-dimensional WO3 interfaces deposited by RF sputtering technique

    Baltakesmez, A.; Tekmen, S.; Güzeldir, B.

    In this study, tungsten disulfide (WS2) and tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films are deposited on n-Si by RF sputtering technique. The optical, morphological and structural characteristics of these films are investigated. The XRD patterns showed that highly crystallinity have been obtained with dominant characteristic diffraction peaks of the WS2 and WO3. The SEM images show that these films are nearly uniform and covered all surface of substrates. Furthermore, the WS2 film has two-dimensional (2D) vertical layers while the WO3 has three-dimensional (3D) structure. From the XPS spectra, it revealed that the peaks confirmed the formation of WS2 and WO3 phases. The Raman spectra presented that different vibrational modes and phases are characteristics of the WS2 and WO3 thin films. Electrical properties of W/n-Si metal-semiconductor (MS) and W/WS2/n-Si and W/WO3/n-Si metal-interfacial layer-semiconductor (MIS) diodes are investigated using current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics at various temperatures. It was found that I-V and C-V characteristics are strongly dependent on temperature and the interfacial WS2 and WO3 layers are significant roles for the electrical properties of W/WS2/n-Si and W/WO3/n-Si devices.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ3
    Determination of some wood properties and response to weathering of citrus limon (L.) Burm Wood

    Sahin, Sirri; Ayata, Ümit; Bal, Bekir Cihad; Esteves, Bruno; Can, Ahmet; Sivrikaya, Hüseyin

    The ability of Citrus limon (L.) Burm wood to be used for flooring applications was considered in this work. Selected wood properties were determined, and the response to weathering was tested. Janka hardness, density, screw withdrawal resistance, color, glossiness, and artificial weathering (144, 288, and 432 h) were determined. The wood from Citrus limon was shown to be a dense wood with air density around 830 kg/m3 and with a high Janka hardness of 138.0 N/mm2, 120.4 N/mm2, and 115.9 N/mm2 for cross, tangential, and radial sections, respectively. This opens good perspectives to this kind of wood being used for flooring. Statistical analysis showed that both Janka hardness and screw withdrawal resistance were significantly different between surfaces. Nevertheless, the homogeneity groups showed that the main differences were between the surfaces in the longitudinal direction when compared with the transverse direction. The wood is lighter than most common woods and it is mainly yellow. After weathering, the wood became darker, redder, and yellower. Glossiness decreased in the first hours of the weathering period.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ4
    Effect of fineness on lime stabilization of low plasticity clays

    Yilmaz, Fatih; Kocabey, Sefa

    In this study, stabilization with lime was investigated within the scope of surface soil stabilization. The main aim of the study is to examine the grindability of the lime and investigate the effect of grinded lime on the strength and durability behavior of stabilized soil. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the grindability of the lime. The second part analyses the results of geotechnical tests with grinded and ungrinded lime. Ungrinded lime, 90% of which is below 48 microns, was reduced to less than 20 microns. The test samples were prepared by adding 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of grinded and ungrinded lime to a low plasticity clay according to the Unified Soil Classification System. Curing times for strength tests were determined as 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. The properties of the prepared mixtures were investigated by their geotechnical properties such as index, strength and durability. In the light of the data obtained from the experiments, it is concluded that the fineness of the lime has a direct positive effect on the strength and durability characteristics.

  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ2
    Study on the radiation attenuation properties of locally available bees-wax as a tissue equivalent bolus material in radiotherapy

    Islam, Sazirul; Mahmoud, K.A.; Sayyed, M.I.; Alim, Bünyamin; Rahman, Md.M.; Mollah, A.S.

    In radiation therapy field, bolus material is frequently utilized when treating different areas of a patient, like at the ears or nose, and to provide build-up of dose to the skin surface. The bolus material must be cost effective, suitably flexible to conform to the surface of the patient, and most importantly should be tissue equivalent. The main objective of this work was to estimate the photon attenuation properties of locally available bees-wax and to assess the feasibility of using this bees-wax as a bolus material practice for treatment of cancer patient. The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) values have been calculated by using MCNP5 simulation code over the wide range of photon energy (0.015–10 MeV). Some related parameters such as the effective atomic number and the mean free path were also calculated to understand the photon attenuation ability of the investigated bolus material. The attenuation properties were also computed for water, tissue and commercial bolus materials for comparison. Evaluation of the results showed that the radiation attenuation properties of locally available bees-wax have a good similarity to water/tissue. Referring to the results of this study, it is proposed that locally available bees-wax is a suitable substance to be used as bolus material practice for treat of cancer patient.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus59WoS53OpenAlex63
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020
    THE INVESTIGATION OF FLOW RATE EFFECT ON LEACHATE TREATMENT BY ELECTROOXIDATION PROCESS

    Yilmaz, Alper Erdem; Dede Sağsöz, Yeşim; Sakarya, Merve; Cengız, İbrahim

    In the study, the leachate of the Erzurum Municipality Solid Waste Regular Storage Facility was used. Leaching waters formed in solid waste storage areas and the contents depend on rainfall and the characteristics of the stored waste. The leachate includes a high amount of organic matter it contains, nitrogenous substances, heavy metals, high salinity; it causes pollution of underground and surface receiving environments. Therefore leachate must be treated before being discharged. For this purpose, an electrooxidation process was used for the treatment of leachate. The effect of the flow rate change on the treatment efficiency in the continuous electrooxidation process is investigated. The flow rate was selected as 5, 7.5, and 10 ml/min. The constant current of 20 A was applied with a direct current intensity supply (40 V-250 A) in 600 ml. In the reactor (600 ml) at a constant current of 20 A, the effluent water temperature increased from 15 °C to 31 °C while the pH value was reduced to a value of 8.2 to 4.8. At the constant current of 20 A, approximately 90% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was obtained at a flow rate of 5 ml/min, which is the best removal efficiency obtained from flow rate experiments. It is seen from the same study results that the energy consumption value is 55 kWh/m3 at 20 A current and 5 ml/min flow rate. As a result, the electrooxidation process can be used for the treatment of leachate, especially for organic matter removal.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ3
    Production of mannose-containing oligosaccharides by glucansucrase E81 and determination of their functional characteristics

    İspirli, Hümeyra; Dertli, Enes

    Oligosaccharides are one of the functional ingredients to be used in food technology. In this study, by using an active glucansucrase GTFA-ΔN E81 in the acceptor reaction of mannose, mannose-containing oligosaccharides were produced and their functionality was tested. The formation of the oligosaccharides were visualised by TLC analysis and mannose-containing oligosaccharides up to DP 7 were determined by LC-MS analysis. The presence of the (1,6)Glc and (1,3)Glc units within the oligosaccharides were determined by NMR analysis. The in vitro immune-modulatory functions of the mannose-containing oligosaccharides were determined but no induction in IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α cytokine levels were detected. Importantly this oligosaccharide mixture showed prebiotic effect by triggering the growth of tested probiotics and not affecting the growth of pathogen strains. Our findings reveals the potential of the role of glucansucrases for the production of functional oligosaccharides.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus8WoS7OpenAlex8
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ1
    Microbiological, physicochemical, textural characteristics and oxidative stability of butter produced from high-pressure homogenisation treated cream at different pressures

    Sert, Durmuş; Mercan, Emin

    Microbiological, physicochemical, and textural characteristics, and oxidative stability was investigated of butter produced from raw cream treated with high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) at 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, 50, or 70 MPa. HPH treatment of cream increased lightness and decreased yellowness of butter. Firmness of all butter samples was between 97 (control) and 380 N (70 MPa). HPH decreased the spreadability of butter dependent on increasing pressure. A monomodal fat particle size distribution was determined in all butter samples; D[3.2] ranged from 25.25 to 125.5 μm and HPH decreased average particle size compared with the control. The induction time of butter ranged from 27.40 (control) to 39.61 h (70 MPa). Above 50 MPa, Salmonella, and yeast and moulds were completely inactivated whilst coliforms and staphylococci were not detected in butter from HPH treated cream at 70 MPa, indicating that HPH can improve the microbial quality of butter produced from raw cream.

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus22WoS17OpenAlex17
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ2
    MoO3 reinforced Ultra high molecular weight PE for neutrons shielding applications

    Sayyed, M.I.; Abdalsalam, Alyaa H.; Taki, Malaa M.; Mhareb, M.H.A.; Alim, Bünyamin; Baltakesmez, Ali; Şakar, Erdem

    Structural, Morphological and neutron attenuation properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced with molybdenum trioxide composite material obtained by solid state mixing of pellets and powder components via hot pressing have been studied. In this work, Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and MoO3 has been utilized with different concentration using a hot compression iron mold. The changes in the microstructure of the prepared polymer and its particulate composites were evaluated by SEM. In order to investigate the quantitative of all elements used in these samples, we utilized Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to present the profiles of synthesized samples which show a clear peaks C (carbon), and Mo (Molybdenum). The X-ray diffraction of all samples was examined to study the modification of the phase and lattice for UHMWPE before and after the addition of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Raman analysis was utilized to explore the crystallinity, molecular interactions, phase, polymorphy, and chemical structure. This technique is based on non-destructive interaction between light with the chemical bonds inside a material. The Raman spectrum for the current work presented within the range of 150–1600 cm−1. In order to understand the neutron shielding performance for the fabricated UHMWPE with different concentrations of MoO3, 241Am/Be fast neutron source was used to determine the fast neutron radiation equivalent dose rate. The background absorbed dose rate was measured as 0.98 (±0.017) (μSv/h). It was seen that the addition of MoO3 into the UHMWPE enhances the neutron shielding. The dose released from the source was absorbed by 7.71 (±1.3) %, 18.48 (±2.9) %, 22.26 (±2.4) %, 24.07 (±1.8) % and 26.17 (±1.3) % from UHMWPE with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% of MoO3 respectively. Additionally, GEANT4 10.02. p01 version was used to calculate total macroscopic cross-sections (TMCS) for the MoO3 doped UHMWPE. According to the results obtained from GEANT4, it was observed that the TMCS values of the UHMWPE increase with increment of the mole fraction of the MoO3 in the structure of UHMWPE examined and that the 5.0% MoO3 sample has the best neutron shielding ability.”

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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2020Scopus SJRQ2
    Comparative analysis of defence response of soybean by seed soaking in gibberellic acid to salinity

    Dinler, Burcu Seckin; Gul, Volkan

    The present study was conducted to determine the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) presoaking of soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds on the biomass yield, regulation of reactive oxygen species and some antioxidant enzyme activities in radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledons under salinity. Within this scope, the seeds were subjected to priming with 150 ppm GA3 for 6 h at room temperature. Then, 150 mM NaCl was added in a group and the control was not primed with GA3. The results clearly revealed that salt stress caused a slight induction of biomass yield of radicle and hypocotyl, photosynthetic pigments in cotyledon, reactive oxygen species content in all organs. Moreover, GA3 pretreatment alleviated salt-induced oxidative damage by maintaining superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzyme activities in soybean plants. This study firstly elucidates the effects of GA3 priming on the comparative response mechanisms to salinity with different organs of soybean plants.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ2
    Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on the chemical content and bioactive properties of propolis

    Ecem Bayram, Nesrin; Gerçek, Yusuf Can; Bayram, Sinan; Toğar, Başak

    The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive properties of propolis extract prepared using different solvents and different extraction methods. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the differences between their antibacterial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. At the same time, bioactive properties of different concentrations of propolis extracts were investigated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The proliferative effects and cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyzes, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative status (TOS) parameters were used in assessing biochemical effects in the HUVEC cell line. The DNA damage was also analyzed by 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level as indicators of genotoxicity. As a result of the MTT analysis conducted within the scope of the present study, the extracts tested were sorted as 95% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE95) > ultrasonic ethanol extract of propolis (PUEE) > 50% ethanol extract of propolis (PEE50) > ultrasonic water extract of propolis (PUWE) in terms of the effectiveness of their cell viabilities. It was observed that high concentrations of PEE95 induced LDH release. In addition to this, our findings have shown that PEE50, PUEE and PUWE increased oxidative stress at high concentrations. According to 8-OH-dG analysis, all tested extracts were found to be non-genotoxic. The results obtained from antibacterial activity and minimum inhibition concentration tests showed that PUEE and PEE95 had stronger antibacterial effects than PEE50 and PUWE. All these results indicated that propolis has beneficial effects for human health and therefore it is a valuable product which can be used as a food supplement.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus23WoS22OpenAlex25
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ1
    Azo dye-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4/polyacrylic acid nanoadsorbent for removal of lead (II) ions

    Sadak, Omer; Hackney, Robert; Sundramoorthy, Ashok K.; Yilmaz, Galip; Gunasekaran, Sundaram

    We report the fabrication of a nanoadsorbent for the removal of heavy metals. The nanoadsorbent is comprised of ferric oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) covalently conjugated with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and further functionalized with an azo dye (Congo red, CR) using carbodiimide. This Fe3O4 core and PAA-CR shell system (MNP/PAA-CR) exhibited binding affinity towards various cations (Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cd2+, and Cu2+) at room temperature. Using MNP/PAA-CR we studied its heavy metal removal effectiveness and kinetics targeting Pb2+ under various reactions conditions including time and pH. The Pb2+ removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were maximal at pH 6.5 and 45 min of reaction time, and the Pb2+ adsorption kinetics better fit a pseudo second-order model than a first-order model. The adsorption of Pb2+ by MNP/PAA-CR was also investigated by the so-called Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and the Langmuir isotherm predicted a maximum absorption of 195.3 mg.g-1. Our results further indicated that MNP/PAA-CR is potentially reusable after desorption of the adsorbed metal with only small decline in adsorption ability over five consecutive cycles of regeneration.

    • SDG 6 · Temiz Su ve Sanitasyon
    • SDG 12 · Sorumlu Üretim ve Tüketim
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020
    Existence of solutions for a resonant problem under landesman-lazer type conditions involving more general elliptic operators in divergence form

    Ayazoglu, Rabil; Şule Şener, Sidika; Aydın, Tuba Ağırman

    The present paper is concerned with the resonant problem −div (a (x, ∇u)) = λ1|u|p −2 u + f (x, u) − g(x) in Ω, where Ω is a bounded domain with smooth boundary in RN (N ≥ 2), p ∈ (1, ∞) and div(a (x, ∇u)) is a general elliptic operators in divergence form. By assuming a Landesman-Lazer type condition and using a variational method based on the Minimum Principle, we show the existence of a weak solution in the Sobolev space W0 1,p (Ω).

  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ2
    Strategy development for the turkish ready-made garment sector using swot analysis – fuzzy topsis method

    Ozbek, Ahmet; Pabuccu, Hakan; Esmer, Yusuf

    The aim of this study was to integrate SWOT analysis and the fuzzy TOPSIS method to develop a strategy for the Turkish RMG sector. SWOT analysis was used to determine the strengths &weaknesses and opportunities & threats of the sector. New strategies were developed using SWOT analysis data, and then the fuzzy TOPSIS method was used to rank the strategies for the sector. Four strategies were determined: (1) building global brands, (2) providing government incentives to increase the competitive power of the sector, (3) effective use of e-commerce, and (4) transforming the sector into an attractive business area for young people. Empirical results indicate that the third strategy is ideal for the sector. However, SWOT analysis falls short of determining strategies for any sector. The ability of strategy making processes to yield positive outcomes depends largely on managers’ participation in decision-making processes. Fuzzy TOPSIS was used to model the inherent uncertainty in human knowledge and behaviour and to incorporate sector managers’ views into the system to assess alternatives that integrate SWOT.

    • SDG 9 · Sanayi, Yenilikçilik ve Altyapı
    AtıfOpenAlex6
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  • Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ3
    A new species of the genus Cataleptoneta Denis, 1955 (Araneae: Leptonetidae) from a cave in Turkey

    Demircan, Nurcan

    A new species of the genus Cataleptoneta Denis, 1955, Cataleptoneta aydintopcui sp. n., is described from a cave in southern Turkey on the basis of both sexes. Differences between the new species and related species are discussed. Drawing of characteristic features, the male palpal organ and the female genitalia are presented.

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  • BildiriYalnız künye2020
    A TRENDLINE ANALYSIS FOR HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA OF OECD MEMBERS

    Atalan, Abdulkadir; Çinar, Zeliha; Çinar, Mehmet

    The aim of this study was to predict the per capita health expenditures (HE PC) of OECD countries for the future. Datasets were used to evaluate the accuracy of HE PC estimation of OECD members from 2000 to 2017 shared online by OECD DATA in this study. Forecasting calculations about HE PC cover the years 2018-2025. Estimation series method derived by trend-line equations was used to make any predictions for the future years in the methodology part of the present research. A trend line analysis by generating one linear equation and seven non-linear equations was carried out within this study. The minimum value of the amount of the HE PC was counted as $3,930.13 with the 4th order equation for the year 2018 and the highest amount was calculated as $5,760.47 for the year 2025 with the equation of exponential distribution. The average amount of the HE PC was calculated as $4,616.62 which can be argued as a decrease in the budget allocated for the HE PC. The minimization of the standard error of the mean level was the secondary goal of the work in order to ensure that the results obtained for estimation were consistent with the data used. Predictive equations for HE PC values were found to be suitable for use as a consistent analysis tool for future outcomes. It can be emphasized that there is no drawback in the use of estimation equations for other indicators in the field of healthcare, as only the use for HE PC was verified in this study.

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  • Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2020
    Diaspora tourism

    Aykaç, Emre; Apak, Ömer Ceyhun

    A compilation of current academic studies on the tourism sector of Turkey, the 23 chapters of this book have been written by tourism academicians who are experts in their respective fields. The chapters contain qualitative or quantitative research data and current statistical data, making this book useful for academic research. I thank all the contributors and dedicate this book to my family.

  • Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2020
    Marketing finance, infrastructure, and entrepreneurshi

    Kara, Adnan

    This chapter examines the relationship between marketing finance, infrastructure, and entrepreneurship. The aim of the study is to show that countries' financial development improves infrastructure, reduces risks, and increases entrepreneurship. Marketing finance is the provision and management of monetary funds in order to carry out marketing activities. Marketing infrastructure is the existence of physical systems such as logistics, advertising agencies and research companies that carry out marketing activities. Marketing entrepreneurship is the transformation of innovative ideas into economic activities in coordination with marketing process management. In conclusion of the study, the development of the financial system affects the competitiveness. Thus, more marketing investments are made in a more competitive environment.

  • MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ2
    Electrical properties of Graphene/Silicon structure with Al2O3 interlayer

    Kaymak, Nuriye; Bayram, Ozkan; Tataroğlu, Adem; Bilge Ocak, Sema; Oz Orhan, Elif

    The electrical properties of the fabricated Al/Gr/Al2O3/p-Si structure have been analyzed using frequency-dependent capacitance/conductance–voltage (C/G–V) measurements. Graphene (Gr) nanosheets were grown on to copper (Cu) catalyst substrate, which has 99.99% purity, by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technique, and then the Graphene was transferred on Al2O3/p-Si by the standard transfer process. The Graphene structures have been characterized by Raman Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses, and the results of both analyses confirmed the monolayer/bilayer Graphene nanostructure. The forward and reverse bias G–V and C–V measurements of this structure have been performed in 10 kHz–400 kHz and at 300 K. The frequency dispersion in C and G can be evaluated for interface state density (Dit) and series resistance (Rs) values. The values of Dit and Rs are dependent on frequency and increase with decreasing frequency. The Rs- V graph shows a peak form at all frequencies in the depletion region and vanishes with increasing frequency. The obtained results suggest that the prepared structure can be used in electronic device applications.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2020
    DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL BAYBURT GRAND MOSQUE

    Yurdakul, Muhammet; Yilmaz, Fatih; Artar, Musa

    In this study, the locations of the damages that would occur when a historical building was exposed to different earthquakes were determined. The selected building is Bayburt Ulu Mosque located in the city center of Bayburt and it was built by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan II. Gıyaseddin. This selected historical building is modelled according to the macro modelling technique in the SAP2000 program using the finite element method. Modules of elasticity, poisson's ratio and weight per unit of volume of Bayburt Stone which is used in the mosque are determined by the experiment. Also, the properties of the ground on which the building was built are determined. As earthquake records which recorded on similar grounds, components of DZC180 and DZC270 of 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, components BOL000 and BOL090 of 12 November 1999 Düzce earthquake and components of ERZE-EW and ERZE-NS of 13 March 1999 Erzincan earthquake are used. In the results of the dynamic analysis made, quantities and locations of the strains that can occur in the historic mosque are determined.