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  • Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2025
    Microbial Production of Galactooligosaccharides

    Durgut Malçok, Senanur; Öztekin, Sebahat; Adal, Samiye; İnan Çınkır, Nuray; Çelebi, Yasemin; Çalışkan Koç, Gülşah; Özkan Karabacak, Azime; Süfer, Özge; Delikanlı Kıyak, Berrak

    Galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) are prebiotic compounds derived from lactose, known for their ability to selectively promote the growth of beneficial gut microbiota, like bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Their physiological benefits include enhanced gut health, improved immune function, and increased mineral absorption. Produced primarily through enzymatic synthesis using microbial β-galactosidases, GOSs offer an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical production methods. Recent advancements in enzyme immobilization and biotechnological approaches have optimized GOS yields, enabling their incorporation into a variety of food and health applications, including infant formulas, dairy products, and clinical supplements. The structural diversity of GOSs, characterized by their glycosidic linkages and degrees of polymerization, contributes to their functional versatility and prebiotic efficacy. Furthermore, their stability under acidic and high-temperature conditions makes them suitable for industrial processes. Despite these advancements, challenges such as cost reduction, process optimization, and the use of alternative substrates persist. Future research on enzyme engineering and tailored GOS formulations is anticipated to address these issues, expanding their applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and personalized health solutions. GOSs remain a promising tool for improving health and meeting diverse nutritional needs.

    Scopusİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Some novel fractional Milne-type inequalities for twice differentiable s−convex functions in the second sense

    Aslan, Sinan; Demir, Ümit; Karaduman, Ebru; Akdemir, Ahmet Ocak

    In this paper, a special identity for twice differentiable functions, which is available in the literature, is utilized. By combining this identity with Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals, various fractional Milne-type inequalities are obtained for functions whose second derivatives in absolute value are s−convex in the second sense. Moreover, Hölder and Young inequalities are used to prove the different and original results. These approaches contribute to the analysis of s−convex functions and offer new perspectives in the field of fractional analysis.

    AtıfScopus1WoS1
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    THE EFFECTS OF THERMAL AGING ON COLOR AND GLOSSINESS IN UV CURED COATINGS APPLIED TO SESSILE OAK

    Şahin, Sırrı; Ayata, Ümit; Esteves, Bruno

    Color and glossiness are two important aesthetic properties of wood flooring and wood furniture that significantly affect consumers choice. With time the coating deteriorates altering the surface properties. Un-derstanding these changes is important for furniture industry, impacting design choices, material selection, and long-term maintenance. The effects of thermal aging (30 °C for 30 days, 60 °C for 60 days, and 90 °C for 90 days) on color parameters (C*, L*, b*. a*, ho) and glossiness on both perpendicular () and parallel (║) directions at 20°, 60°, and 85° angles in UV-cured coatings applied on sessile oak were studied. Results show that statistically significant differences were observed in the glossiness values, as well as in C*, b*, a*, L* and ho. As the temperature and duration of the thermal aging process increased, there was a noticeable increase in the values of color parameters b*, a*, and C*, while the values of ho and L* decreased. The characteristics of the surfaces exposed to thermal aging have undergone a complete transformation.

    ScopusWeb of Scienceİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    The mediating role of optimism between reading habits and meaningful living

    Guven, Ahmet Zeki; Banaz, Emrullah; Özbilen, Uğur; Şahin, Tuğrul Gökmen

    The present study sought to examine the relations between reading habits, perceived meaningful living, and optimism through structural equation modeling. To this end, we recruited undergraduate students enrolled in the Turkish language teaching program of a state university and collected the data using the Reading Attitude and Habits Scale, the Meaningful Living Scale and the Optimism-Pessimism Questionnaire. More than half (58.4%) of students were females, 52% were aged 21–30 years, and 34.2% were second-year students. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and SPSS AMOS 20.0. The findings showed a significant relationship between reading habits and meaningful living, with optimism serving as a significant mediator. Model fit indices confirmed the validity of the SEM model (RMSEA = 0.061, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.96). We also found that optimism served as a significant mediator in the relation between reading habits and perceived meaningful living. The findings suggest encouraging undergraduate students’ reading habits and designing and offering counseling services to foster students’ optimism and perceived meaningful living. Moreover, further research with diverse demographic groups is needed to elucidate more on the subject.

    AtıfScopus1WoS1
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  • Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2025
    Size enlargement and agglomeration processes

    Karabulut, Gulsah; Ozkan, Gulay; Köroğlu, Deniz Günal; Öztekin, Sebahat

    Agglomeration and size enlargement are essential in the food industry, significantly improving material handling, product performance, and process efficiency. This chapter explores the principles, techniques, and machinery involved in agglomeration, focusing on objectives such as enhancing flowability, reducing dust, and improving product quality. Key agglomeration techniques—including pelletizing, briquetting, granulation, prilling, spray drying, and extrusion—are explained, with a focus on their underlying mechanisms, the principles of particle size enlargement, and the factors influencing the process. This chapter also examines the role of binders, exploring how they, along with various additives, contribute to improved properties of the final product. The types of equipment, such as disc pelletizers, drum granulators, and high-shear mixers, are discussed in terms of benefits, limitations, and industry applications. Additionally, advancements in smart control systems, energy-efficient designs, and modular equipment are highlighted, illustrating the latest innovations in agglomeration technology.

    Scopusİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Testing of Bleaching Application on Kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) Wood; [Analiza primjene izbjeljivanja na drvu kingwooda (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke)]

    Peker, Hüseyin; Ayata, Ümit

    In this study, surface changes (whiteness index: WI*, color parameters, and glossiness properties) occurring after bleaching with oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) + sodium hydroxide (NaOH) chemicals in kingwood (Dalbergia cearensis Ducke) wood, used for high-quality applications such as quality turning, marquetry, furniture, inlay work, musical instruments, and decorative items, were investigated. The ΔE* values were determined as 5.46 for the single component and 8.69 for the double component. Decreases in L* and ho parameters were obtained by the action of the C2H2O4 chemical, while increases were observed in the a*, C*, and b* parameters. Additionally, the use of H2O2 + NaOH chemicals in the bleaching process resulted in increases in L*, b*, C*, and ho values, with a decrease noted in the a* parameter. Observations revealed reductions in glossiness values at 60 and 85 degrees when employing two distinct bleaching agents in both orientations. It can be said that the bleaching agents used in the study exert varying effects as modifiers on the surface of wooden materials.

    ScopusWeb of Scienceİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Regulation of DNA methylation in lesional tissue of children with atopic dermatitis

    Kartal, Demet; Dirican, Muhammed Hanefi; Taheri, Serpil; Memiş, Mehmet; Solak, Eda Öksüm; Cinar, Salih Levent; Borlu, Murat

    Background: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the role of genes involved in the establishment of DNA methylation has not yet been demonstrated. Methods: A total of 15 pediatric patients with AD and 15 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The mRNA gene expression levels of eight different genes involved in the regulation of DNA methylation were examined in the blood and tissue samples. Results: The mRNA expression levels of DNMT3A genes were significantly increased, while the mRNA expression levels of DNMT3B, TET1, and TET2 genes were statistically significantly reduced in the lesional tissue of patients compared to the control group. It was observed that the mRNA expression levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and TET3 genes were increased, while the mRNA expression levels of DNMT3L and TET1 genes were found to be decreased in the blood of the patients. Conclusion: The results indicated that the DNA methylation pattern in the patients was hypermethylated, especially in the lesional tissue. The data obtained may contribute to the understanding of the epigenetic regulation of AD and aid in the development of new diagnostic and treatment options.

    AtıfScopus2WoS1
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICALLY CONVEXITY AND BETTER APPROXIMATIONS

    Kadakal, Huriye; Kadakal, Mahir

    In this paper, we introduce and study the concept of inverse trigonometrically convex functions and their some algebraic properties. We prove some Hermite-Hadamard type integral inequalities for the newly introduced class of functions. We also obtain some refinements of the Hermite-Hadamard inequality for functions whose first derivative in absolute value is inverse trigonometrically convex. Moreover, we proved that Hölder-İşcan and improved power-mean integral inequalities give a better approach than Hölder and power-mean inequalities.

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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    The effect of kinesiophobia on gastrointestinal disorders in patients with lower extremity orthopedic surgery

    Gunes, Huseyin; Bulbuloglu, Semra; Saritas, Serdar; Ozdemir, Ahmet

    Background: Postoperative kinesiophobia and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common and undesirable conditions following orthopedic surgery. Additionally, managing both conditions is crucial for preventing complications and accelerating recovery. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of kinesiophobia on GI disorders after lower extremity orthopedic surgery. Method: This study was conducted with a descriptive and cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of a total of n = 299 patients who underwent orthopedic surgery in their lower extremities at the orthopedics and traumatology clinic of a research and training hospital located in Turkey. A personal information form, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) were used to collect data, and the obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), paired-samples t-test, and post hoc tests when necessary. Results: While 24.4% of the patients were aged 65–74 years, 51.5% were male. The mean total TSK score of the patients was above average (49.36 ± 8.74), while their mean total GSRS score was below average (31.22 ± 11.7). In our study, as kinesiophobia increased, the frequency of bowel movements decreased, and kinesiophobia explained 19.9% of the variance in GI disorders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Kinesiophobia is a significant predictor of GI disorders in patients who underwent lower extremity surgery. Returning to normal GI function after surgery is crucial for preventing complications in patients with lower extremity surgery. Uncontrolled kinesiophobia after surgery exacerbates GI disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of both kinesiophobia and GI disorders are necessary for rapid recovery in patients with lower extremity surgery. 2025 Gunes, Bulbuloglu, Saritas and Ozdemir.

    AtıfScopus3WoS2
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Effect of Thermal Modification and Picture Varnish Application on Color Change of Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Wood

    Peker, Hüseyin; Ayata, Ümit; Ulay, Göksel

    Scots pine is one of the important tree species used by the wood processing industry in many countries for both interior and exterior applications. It is well known that thermal treatment alters the color of wood. To protect wood from outdoor environmental conditions, certain chemicals are applied to its surface. These protective chemicals also influence the color of thermally treated wood. In this study, the color-altering effect of picture varnish (refined linseed oil), commonly used as a protective chemical in the field of painting, was investigated on both thermally treated and untreated wood materials. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 212 °C for 2 h. Following this, varnish made from refined linseed oil was applied to some of these samples and some untreated samples, with the remaining untreated samples used as controls. Color and whiteness index (WI*) values were analyzed on the resulting four different materials, and the results were compared. Analysis of variance showed significant effects for the factors of heat treatment, picture varnish application, and their interaction, on WI* (|| and ⊥), a*, L*, ho, b*, and C* values. In the non-heat-treated samples, the application of varnish resulted in reductions in WI* values in both directions and in L* values, while increases were observed in ho, b*, C*, and a* values. Additionally, the application of varnish to the heat-treated samples resulted in an increase in a* values, while reductions were observed in WI* values in both directions, as well as in ho, L*, b*, and C* values. After heat treatment, the ∆E* value for Scots pine wood was calculated as 33.63. For both heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples, varnish application resulted in negative ∆L* values and positive ∆a* values. Additionally, ∆b* and ∆C* values were positive in the non-heat-treated and varnished samples, while they were negative in the heat-treated and varnished samples. The protective picture varnish used in the study significantly altered the color of both thermally treated and untreated wood.

    ScopusWeb of Scienceİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Primula longipes subsp. bayburtensis Sefali, Yapar & Demir (Primulaceae): A new taxon from north-eastern Anatolia, Türkiye

    Sefalı, Abdurrahman; Yapar, Yakup; Demir, İbrahim; Yurtvermez, Bayram; Keser, Ali Murat

    The new taxon, Primula longipes subsp. bayburtensis Sefali, Yapar & Demir, subsp. nov. (Primulaceae) is described and illustrated from Bayburt Province, Türkiye. It is morphologically assigned to Primula sect. Crystallophlomis based on its long scapes, lanceolate and denticulate leaf with long petiole and hairless habit, fruits longer than calyx and covered by farina on the scape. This new taxon is similar to Primula longipes and P. nivalis subsp. turkestanica; it can also be easily distinguished by its calyx divided ratio, thurm flowers (unwidened corolla tube shape and length) and capsules (length) futures.

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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    SOME NEW INEQUALITIES FOR DIFFERENTIABLE ARITHMETIC-HARMONICALLY CONVEX FUNCTIONS

    Kadakal, Mahir; Agarwal, Praveen; İŞcan, İMdat

    In this study, by using an integral identity together with both the Hölder and the power-mean inequalities for integrals we establish several new inequalities for differentiable arithmetic-harmonically-convex function. Also, we give some applications for special means.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2025
    Death Literacy Index Short Form: Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Turkish Version

    Semerci Çakmak, Vahide; Sönmez Sarı, Ebru; Seven, Ahmet

    The aim of this study was to adapt the short form of Death Literacy Index (DLI-9) into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. This study has a methodological cross-sectional design. The study was conducted with a sample of 400 adults across Türkiye during October-November. Content Validity Index, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Convergent and Discriminant Validity Analyses, test-retest reliability, Cronbach’s α-coefficient, item-total-score correlation, 27% upper-lower-group item analysis and Hotelling-T2test were used in data analysis. In the EFA analysis, the scale consisted of 2 factors. The original two-factor structure of the scale was confirmed by CFA. CFA model fit values were found as CMIN/DF = 2.078, RMSEA = 0.074, RMR = 0.077, SRMR = 0.0455, CFI = 0.960, NFI = 0.927, TLI = 0.945, GFI = 0.946, and AGFI = 0.906. The total Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient of the DLI-9 was found to be 0.84. This study indicates that scale is a reliable tool for evaluating death literacy in the Turkish population.

    ScopusWeb of SciencePubMedİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Social Media Addiction and Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study

    Sönmez Sari, Ebru; Terzi, Handan; Şahin, Didem

    Objective: To measure a multivariate analysis of social media addiction and cognitive-behavioral physical activity associated with several sociodemographic characteristics in adolescent girls. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of adolescent girls studying in a vocational high-school in the Middle-Black-Sea region in Türkiye (n = 333). A questionnaire, Social Media Addiction Scale-for-Adolescents (SMAS-A), and Cognitive-Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire (CBPAQ) were used to collect the data. Results: The mean age was 15.35 (SD = 1.15), and 29.4% were the ninth-class students. Of the adolescent girls, 85.9% were social-media users, 59.8% used the internet 2-hours-or-more/daily, 67.9% declared themselves as moderately-active. The mean scores of the SMAS-A and the CBPAQ were 3.40 (SD = 1.61) and 21.03 (SD = 7.64), respectively. There was a significantly-negative correlation between cognitive-behavioral physical activity and social-media addiction levels. The One-Way MANOVA results showed significant differences in the academic level, family income, mother education, and physical activity measurement application usage affected to cognitive-behavioral physical activity. Social media usage habit affected to the social media addiction level. Conclusions: Daily internet usage time and self-declared physical activity level were the mutually affected factors. School nurses should act to improve healthy social media usage habits to promote well-being and encourage the positive attitudes towards regular physical activity in this population.

    AtıfScopus13
    ScopusPubMedİncele
  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Some new Simpson type integral inequalities for (s, P)-functions

    Kadakal, M.; İşcan, İ.; Kadakal, H.

    In this paper, we establish some new Simpson type inequalities for functions, whose first deriva-tive in absolute value is (s, P)-function by using Hölder, power-mean and Hölder-İşcan inequalities. After that, we compare the results obtained with both Hölder, Hölder-İşcan integral inequalities and prove that the Hölder-İşcan integral inequality gives a better approximation, than the Hölder inequality. Also, some applications to special means of real numbers are also given.

    ScopusWeb of Scienceİncele
  • MakaleYalnız künye2025
    Investigation of interior seed effects on levitation force in Melt-Grown YBCO superconductors by experimental and numerical methods

    Öztürk, Ufuk Kemal; Abderrahmane, Babe Cheikh; Uzun, Oğuzhan; Abdioğlu, Murat; Güner, Sait Barış; Quéval, Loïc

    This study introduces a novel Top-Interior Multi-Seeding Melt Growth (TI-MSMG) technique for fabricating high-performance YBCO bulk superconductors and explanations some physical background based on FEM modelling. The depth of the interior seed was gradually changed as 0, 2 and 4 mm (samples S0, S2 and S4, respectively) from the upper surface of the samples. By incorporating an interior seed into the precursor pellet, the TI-MSMG method enables systematic control over grain morphology and critical current density distribution. Magnetic levitation and guidance forces were measured using a three-axis force measurement system, and a two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) model based on the H-formulation of Maxwell’s equations was developed to simulate the electromagnetic behaviour of the superconductors with different seed positions. Experimental and modelling results reveal that samples incorporating an interior seed (S2) exhibit significantly enhanced levitation and guidance forces compared to S0 and S4, attributable to improved inter-domain interactions and morphological consistency, so a better current coupling. The numerical simulations accurately reproduced the experimental findings, confirming the validity of the modelling approach. These findings indicate that the TI-MSMG process not only addresses some limitations of conventional top-seeding methods but also enhances levitation force performance through optimization of interior seed depth, thereby enabling more efficient and tailored designs for high-temperature superconducting systems such as magnetic levitation, energy storage, and superconducting motors.

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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    THE EFFECT OF PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT ON JOB PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

    Kizil, Seda; Demir, Rahime Nur

    In healthcare institutions, employees who experience a strong alignment between their personal values and those of the organization are more likely to demonstrate organizational citizenship behaviors, which in turn contribute to enhanced job performance. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of organizational citizenship behaviors in the relationship between person–organization fit and job performance. The research population consists of 530 employees working at Bayburt State Hospital, Türkiye as of 2023, and the sample includes 342 participants. The analysis results indicate that organizational citizenship behaviors have a direct and positive effect on job performance. Furthermore, the compatibility between the individual and the organization significantly and positively influences organizational citizenship behaviors. In addition, organizational citizenship behaviors are found to have a significant and positive impact on job performance. These findings highlight the important role that organizational citizenship behaviors play in enhancing employee performance. The results also reveal that organizational citizenship behaviors serve as a key mediating variable in the relationship between person–organization fit and job performance. This study provides important insights for the development of employee management and performance improvement strategies in the healthcare sector. In particular, efforts to strengthen the alignment between employees and the organization may foster higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors, which can, in turn, positively influence job performance. Implementing strategies that support person–organization compatibility and encourage organizational citizenship behaviors can effectively enhance both employee satisfaction and the overall performance of healthcare institutions. Such strategies are essential for achieving long-term success in the healthcare industry.

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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    The Effect of Self-Regulation on the Need for Psychological Help Through Happiness, Resilience, Problem Solving, Self-Efficacy, and Adjustment: A Parallel Mediation Study in Adolescent Groups

    Akeren, İhsan; Çelik, Eyüp; Yayla, İbrahim Erdoğan; Özgöl, Mustafa

    Introduction: Adolescence is a developmental period in which the risk of mental problems is high. Failure to resolve the problems encountered during this period may result in the need for psychological help. Based on the literature review, this study aimed to examine self-regulation, which has the potential to reduce adolescents’ need for psychological help, and the mediation of happiness, resilience, problem solving, self-efficacy, and adjustment through this skill. Methods: In the cross-sectional correlational survey design study, 1013 adolescents (542 girls, 471 boys, mean age: 15.04 ± 1.75 years) aged 12–19 years and studying in middle and high school in Bayburt, Turkey were reached. Seven different questionnaires, valid and reliable in adolescent groups, were used to measure the study variables. Results: Correlation results showed that all predictors were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with the dependent variable, the need for psychological help. After testing the assumptions, the results of the parallel mediation analysis showed that happiness, problem solving, self-efficacy, and adjustment fully mediated the effect of self-regulation on the need for psychological help. Another finding is that resilience is not a predictor of psychological distress. Conclusions: The results are important because they provide insight for those working in the field of adolescent mental health in terms of understanding the factors through which self-regulation reduces the need for psychological help.

    AtıfScopus10WoS9
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    DFT Calculations, ADME Analysis and Molecular Docking Studies of the Compound AHTPO With the Digestive Enzyme Trypsin Found in Cold-Adapted Fish Species

    Tanrıverdi, Erdi Anıl; Tanrıverdi, Aslıhan Aycan; Yıldıko, Ümit

    For the special amine 7-Amino-3-(4-aminophenyl)-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one (AHTPO), previously reported experimental biological activities served as the foundation for further studies. Computational chemistry and molecular simulation techniques were subsequently applied to investigate AHTPO. Its interactions with trypsin enzymes derived from cold-adapted fish species were examined. The compound's biological activity and pharmacokinetic properties were assessed using DFT calculations, molecular docking, and ADME analyses. Molecular docking results indicated that AHTPO exhibits strong binding affinities with the 1A0J and 2TBS enzymes, with the binding to 2TBS being energetically more favorable. Additionally, ADME analysis revealed that while the AHTPO shows potential for pharmaceutical applications, its gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier permeability may present certain limitations. Regarding its electronic and optical properties, AHTPO's high dipole moment and polarizability values enhance its flexibility and adaptability in biological environments. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap suggests that the AHTPO achieves a balance between stability and reactivity, enabling high activity in biomolecular interactions. These findings highlight the promising pharmacological potential of AHTPO in binding with trypsin enzymes, suggesting its viability as a therapeutic agent.

    AtıfScopus1
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025
    Revealing the Behavioral Effects of Hair Dye Exposure in Rats by Sociability, Anxiety and Recognition Assessments

    Boyuk Ozcan, G.; Bozok, U.G.; Korkusuz, B.B.; Demirboga, B.; Rabetian, S.; Orkun Erkilic, T.

    Background: Most people use hair dye to change their hair color. The aim of this study was to investigate how hair dye affects rat behavioral tests. Methods: This study examines the effects of hair dye exposure on the Three-Chambered Sociability, open field, elevated plus maze and novel object recognition tests. Group 1 (n=8) was dyed twice, Group 2 (n=8) was dyed four times, Group 3 (n=8) was dyed eight times and Group 4 (n=8) was water-treated and dried eight times. Result: The control group (Group 4) sniffed certain objects more in the first occupied cage. The groups exposed to less dye explored for longer periods (p<0.05 higher in Groups 1 and 2 than in the control group). In the open field test, Group 2 showed more scratching, hunger and urination. The control group showed more cage interaction than the other groups (p<0.05). In the elevated plus maze test, no difference in time was found between the groups. In conclusion, hair dye chemicals may affect rat behavior, but neurotoxicity and oxidative stress tests are required to confirm this.

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