Koleksiyon/r/bayburt/10001

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Koleksiyondaki öğeler

  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2016Scopus SJRQ3
    Effect of designed in-service training to secondary school mathematics teachers technology usage level

    Güven, Bülent; Yilmaz, Gül Kaleli

    By this research, it is aimed to determine the effect of in-service training was designed due to Rieber and Welliver's (1989) technology integration model to the secondary school mathematics teachers' technology usage level. The in-service course was conducted over a 15-week period and 13 secondary school mathematics teachers from Bayburt participated in the course. When the course program was being structured, some software and learning objects developed for mathematics teaching were utilized. The applications were supported by worksheets and activity examples appropriate for the curriculum. In this study where data were gathered using interviews and observations, the case study method was used. The collected data was analysed by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. When the findings were checked, it can be seen a result that teachers took advantage of technology for composing deep conceptual comprehension and structuring concepts by students centred explores and used technology in their lessons frequently. By this manner, it was resulted that the designed course positively affected to teacher's technology usage levels.

    • SDG 4 · Nitelikli Eğitim
    AtıfScopus1OpenAlex12
    ScopusWeb of Scienceİncele
  • MakaleAçık Erişim2014Scopus SJRQ2
    Effect of calcium channel blockers on paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and oxidative stress

    Türkeş, Cüneyt; Söyüt, Hakan; Beydemir, Şükrü

    Background: In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, nitrendipine, isradipine, and amlodipine besylate) on the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON1). Methods: PON1 was purified from human serum using simple chromatographic methods, including DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. Results: The calcium channel blockers decreased the in vitro PON1 activity. The inhibition mechanism of amlodipine besylate was noncompetitive, whereas nifedipine, nitrendipine, and isradipine were competitive inhibitors. Conclusions: Our results showed that calcium channel blockers exhibit inhibitory effects on PON1 at low concentrations. The IC50 values for nifedipine, nitrendipine, isradipine, and amlodipine besylate were determined to be 0.121 mM, 0.130 mM, 0.255 mM, and 0.304 mM, respectively, and the Ki constants were calculated to be 0.222 ± 0.049 mM, 0.151 ± 0.067 mM, 0.286 ± 0.137 mM, and 0.321 ± 0.002 mM, respectively.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus68WoS67OpenAlex74
    ScopusWeb of SciencePubMedİncele
  • MakaleAçık Erişim2015Scopus SJRQ2
    Simultaneous separation and preconcentration of Cd(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions in environmental samples by carrier element-free coprecipitation method prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination

    Duran, Celal; Ozdes, Duygu; Akcay, Hakki Turker; Serencam, Huseyin; Tufekci, Mehmet

    ABSTRACT: In the present study, Cd(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions were separated and preconcentrated via carrier element-free coprecipitation (CEFC) method by using an organic coprecipitating agent, 1,2-bis-(2-tosyl ethoxy) benzene (BTEB), prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) detections. The experimental conditions were optimized in terms of pH of the aqueous solution, BTEB amount, standing time, centrifugation rate and time, and sample volume. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the detection limits for Cd(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions were found to be 0.13, 0.67, and 0.46 μg L−1, respectively, and the relative standard deviations for the analyte ions were found to be lower than 4.0%. The accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing certified reference material and spike tests. The method was applied to determine the levels of Cd(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions in sea and stream water, macaroni, red lentil, and cracked wheat samples.

    • SDG 6 · Temiz Su ve Sanitasyon
    AtıfScopus17WoS16OpenAlex16
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2015Scopus SJRQ1
    Effect of onboard PM position on the magnetic force and stiffness performance of multi-seeded YBCO

    Ozturk, K.; Kabaer, M.; Abdioglu, M.

    Abstract In implemented studies before, although some advancements have been achieved in improving on the levitation or guidance force efficiency of YBCOs separately, both of these forces could not been enhanced simultaneously. In our study, we investigated levitation, guidance force and magnetic stiffness properties of multi-seeded YBCO bulk depending on different position of onboard PM in different CHs above a Halbach PMG to obtain larger vertical load capability, stability and relating stiffness values at the same time. The levitation, guidance force and relating stiffness measurements were carried out between multi-seeded YBCO and Halbach PMG depending on the onboard PM positions and cooling heights after the magnetic flux distributions modelling of Halbach PMG with onboard PMs. In this paper, it has clearly seen that the levitation force and the vertical magnetic stiffness values increase in optimal onboard PM position, with negligible lose in guidance force and lateral magnetic stiffness values. It is inferred from this study that reasonable position of the onboard PM according to PMG, the cooling conditions and compatibility of YBCO-PMG arrangement in point of magnetic flux distribution are key parameters for efficiency of the load, guidance force and relating magnetic stiffness of Maglev systems. The results obtained in this study have a potential on improvement of HTS Maglev system electromagnetic force capability.

    AtıfScopus19WoS18OpenAlex19
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2019Scopus SJRQ2
    Employment of emergency advanced nurses of Turkey: A discrete-event simulation application

    Atalan, Abdulkadir; Donmez, Cem Cagri

    In the present study, problems in emergency services (ESs) were dealt with by analyzing the working system of ESs in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to reduce the waiting times spent in hospitals by employing advanced nurses (ANs) to treat patients who are not urgent, or who may be treated as outpatients in ESs. By applying discrete-event simulation on a 1/24 (daily) and 7/24 (weekly) basis, and by employing ANs, it was determined that the number of patients that were treated increased by 26.71% on a 1/24 basis, and by 15.13% on a 7/24 basis. The waiting time that was spent from the admission to the ES until the treatment time decreased by 38.67% on a 1/24 basis and 53.66% on a 24/7 basis. Similarly, the length of stay was reduced from 82.46 min to 53.97 min in the ES. Among the findings, it was observed that the efficiency rate of the resources was balanced by the employment of ANs, although it was not possible to obtain sufficient efficiency from the resources used in the ESs prior to the present study.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus9WoS8OpenAlex13
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2018Scopus SJRQ1
    The effects on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of DICI engine fuelled with TiO2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/biodiesel/n-butanol blends

    Örs, I.; Sarıkoç, S.; Atabani, A.E.; Ünalan, S.; Akansu, S.O.

    In this study, waste cooking oil biodiesel was mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO2), a metal-based nano particle, and n-butanol (C4H9OH) along with euro diesel to examine their effects on diesel engines. Various ratio of fuel blends were prepared with TiO2 nano particles-diesel-biodiesel and n-butanol. The tests fuels were euro diesel (D100), biodiesel (B100), B20, B20 + TiO2, B20But10 and B20But10 + TiO2, respectively. Thermo-physical properties such as density, pour point, cloud point, cold filter clogging point, flash point and kinematic viscosity of all test fuels were determined followed by investigating engine performance parameters such as torque, power, fuel consumption and etc. Combustion analysis was also investigated. In addition, the effects on emissions such as CO, CO2, HC, NO and smoke opacity were also carried out. The addition of n-butanol to the fuel blends substantially affected density, kinematic viscosity and cold flow properties, while the addition of TiO2 has not much effect on these properties. For all tested fuels, the maximum brake engine torque and power were recorded at approximately 1400 rpm and 2800 rpm, respectively. The addition of TiO2 increased the brake engine torque and power 10.20% and 9.74% and decreased the brake specific fuel consumption 27.73% and 28.37%, respectively compared to blends without TiO2 additive. TiO2 additive increases the maximum cylinder pressure and heat release rate, as a result improved the engine performance and combustion. The addition of n-butanol in the fuel blend increased the maximum cylinder pressure and heat release rate values in comparison to euro diesel. The results of exhaust emission showed a decrease in CO, HC and smoke opacity emissions, whereas increased CO2 and NO emission, except the use of n-butanol reduced the values of NO emission, in comparison to euro diesel and without TiO2 additive. The results show that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil, n-butanol and TiO2 additive can be used in diesel engines at certain proportion and that the additive materials improve the combustion characteristics, engine performance and exhaust gas emission.

    • SDG 7 · Erişilebilir ve Temiz Enerji
    • SDG 13 · İklim Eylemi
    AtıfScopus231WoS193OpenAlex246
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  • BildiriAçık Erişim2017
    Optimization of RT superplasticity of UFG Zn-22Al alloy by applying ECAP at different temperatures and phase regions

    Demirtas, M.; Yanar, H.; Purcek, G.

    Zn-22Al alloy was subjected to either one-step or two-step equal channel pressing (ECAP) to investigate the effect of processing temperature on its microstructure and room temperature (RT) superplasticity. In one-step ECAP processes, 4 passes ECAP were applied to the alloy at different temperatures: RT, 100°C and 250°C in two-phase region below eutectoid temperature and 350°C in single-phase region above eutectoid temperature. In two-step ECAP processes, one-step ECAP-processed samples were subjected to four more passes ECAP at RT. Considering the one-step ECAP processing, RT superplasticity increased with decreasing ECAP temperature as expected, and the highest RT superplasticity was achieved as 350% after 4 passes ECAP at RT. On the other hand, application of 4 more passes ECAP at RT to the sample showing the lowest superplastic elongation after one-step ECAP (the sample processed at 350°C) resulted in the maximum RT elongation of 400% at a high strain rate of 5×10-2 s-1. These results suggest that first step temperature of two-step ECAP process is needed to increase above the eutectoid point of Zn-22Al alloy to achieve high RT superplasticity. These results were attributed to the changes in microstructure inside the single-phase and two-phase regions during the processes.

    AtıfScopus12WoS10OpenAlex9
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2016Scopus SJRQ2
    The Effects of Cephalaria Syriaca Flour on the Quality of Sunn Pest (Eurygaster Integriceps)-Damaged Wheat

    Başar, Şule; Karaoğlu, M. Murat; Boz, Hüseyin

    The effects of Cephalaria syriaca flour on the quality of sunn pest-damaged wheat were investigated. Sunn pest-damaged wheat was blended into sound wheat at different levels (5, 10 and 15%). C. syriaca flour was then added at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% levels. The rheological properties of sunn pest-damaged wheat flour with added C. syriaca flour were considerably improved, in particular with regard to farinograph characteristics (dough stability, mixing tolerance index [MTI] and degree of softening [DS]) and instrumental textural properties (area and maximum resistance) compared to control. The dough stability value increased significantly (P<0.01) as C. syriaca flour level increased for all sunn pest-damaged wheat levels. The addition of sunn pest-damaged wheat at 15% level greatly increased the MTI and DS values of dough (202.5 and 282.5 BU); however, the addition of 1.5% C. syriaca to this blend significantly decreased these values (87 and 94.5 BU; P<0.01).

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
    AtıfScopus11WoS9OpenAlex11
    ScopusWeb of Scienceİncele
  • MakaleAçık Erişim2016Scopus SJRQ2
    Effect of laser irradiation on activation energy, irreversibility field and upper critical magnetic field of bulk MgB2 superconductor

    Erdem, O.; Yanmaz, E.

    In this study, the role of laser irradiation on the upper critical field (Hc2), the irreversibility field (Hirr) and the activation energy (U0) of bulk MgB2 superconductor was first time investigated with the aid of magnetoresistivity measurements conducted at different applied magnetic fields in a range of 0–15 kOe as a function of temperature from 25 to 40 K. For this aim, a disk shaped MgB2 superconductor was produced and cut into two pieces. One of the pieces was irradiated under high vacuum conditions by using an Nd:YVO4 laser. The obtained results showed an increase in the critical temperature (Tc) by about 1 K after irradiation. Also, the values of Hc2(0) were respectively found to be around 143 and 151 kOe while the values of Hirr(0) were about 122 and 130 kOe for the reference and the irradiated samples. Using the thermally activated flux flow model the dependence of U0 on magnetic field was determined. The maximum U0 values of 0.43 and 0.83 eV in zero magnetic field were respectively obtained for the reference and the irradiated samples. Also, the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density Jc(B) values at different temperatures were slightly increased after the irradiation. These results point out that the superconducting properties of bulk MgB2 can be improved via laser irradiation.

    AtıfScopus11WoS10OpenAlex8
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2013Scopus SJRQ1
    Spontaneous Mutation Reveals Influence of Exopolysaccharide on Lactobacillus johnsonii Surface Characteristics

    Horn, Nikki; Wegmann, Udo; Dertli, Enes; Mulholland, Francis; Collins, Samuel R. A.; Waldron, Keith W.; Bongaerts, Roy J.; Mayer, Melinda J.; Narbad, Arjan

    As a competitive exclusion agent, Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 has been shown to prevent the colonization of selected pathogenic bacteria from the chicken gastrointestinal tract. During growth of the bacterium a rare but consistent emergence of an altered phenotype was noted, generating smooth colonies in contrast to the wild type rough form. A smooth colony variant was isolated and two-dimensional gel analysis of both strains revealed a protein spot with different migration properties in the two phenotypes. The spot in both gels was identified as a putative tyrosine kinase (EpsC), associated with a predicted exopolysaccharide gene cluster. Sequencing of the epsC gene from the smooth mutant revealed a single substitution (G to A) in the coding strand, resulting in the amino acid change D88N in the corresponding gene product. A native plasmid of L. johnsonii was engineered to produce a novel vector for constitutive expression and this was used to demonstrate that expression of the wild type epsC gene in the smooth mutant produced a reversion to the rough colony phenotype. Both the mutant and epsC complemented strains had increased levels of exopolysaccharides compared to the wild type strain, indicating that the rough phenotype is not solely associated with the quantity of exopolysaccharide. Another gene in the cluster, epsE, that encoded a putative undecaprenyl-phosphate galactosephosphotransferase, was deleted in order to investigate its role in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The ΔepsE strain exhibited a large increase in cell aggregation and a reduction in exopolysaccharide content, while plasmid complementation of epsE restored the wild type phenotype. Flow cytometry showed that the wild type and derivative strains exhibited clear differences in their adhesive ability to HT29 monolayers in tissue culture, demonstrating an impact of EPS on surface properties and bacteria-host interactions.

    AtıfScopus71WoS66OpenAlex72
    ScopusWeb of SciencePubMedİncele
  • MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2
    Effect of laser irradiation on superconducting properties of bulk MgB2 sintered at different temperatures

    Erdem, O.; Yanmaz, E.

    The surfaces of MgB2 bulk samples produced by a pellet/closed tube method at two different sintering temperatures of 650 and 850 °C, after hot pressing at 200 °C, were irradiated with the same irradiation dose by using an Nd:YVO4 laser in order to study the possible potentiality of laser irradiation to improve pinning performances and critical current density of MgB2 superconductor. The measurements showed that the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density values of irradiated sample sintered at 650 °C slightly increased with a narrowing in superconducting transition region as compared to the reference sample sintered at same temperature. However, irradiated sample sintered at 850 °C showed a decrease in pinning performance and similar critical temperature values as compared to the corresponding reference sample. From these results it can be said that the same laser irradiation dose affects superconducting properties of bulk MgB2 in different ways depending on sintering temperature of the superconductor.

    AtıfScopus4WoS4OpenAlex4
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2013Scopus SJRQ3
    Bacteria-modified red mud for adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions

    Kalkan, Ekrem; Nadaroglu, Hayrunnisa; Dikbaş, Neslihan; Taşgin, Esen; Çelebi, Neslihan

    Cadmium is a toxic metal widely used in industry and it enters the environment from electroplating, smelting, alloy manufacturing, pigments, plastics, cadmium-nickel batteries, fertilizers, pesticides, mining, pigments and dyes, textile operations, and refining industries. Considering the harmful effects of cadmium, it is necessary to remove cadmium from liquid wastes at least to the limit accepted by regulations. The present study describes removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using bacteria-modified red mud waste material. Batch adsorption experiments have been performed as a function of pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. The optimum results were obtained at pH 4.0, contact time of 60 min, temperature of 30°C, and an adsorbent dose of 1 mg/mL. The adsorption data was correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir adsorption model was 83.034 mg/g. The kinetic processes of cadmium adsorption on bacteria-modified red mud were described by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order rate equations. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equations. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and Δ15° were calculated and the negative value of ΔG° obtained indicate that the process was spontaneous, and the positive value of ΔH° confirms the reaction to be endothermic, and the positive value of ΔS° shows that the decrease in the degree of freedom of the adsorbed species. The bacteria-modified red mud investigated in this study exhibited a high potential for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions.

    AtıfScopus30
    Scopusİncele
  • MakaleAçık Erişim2015Scopus SJRQ1
    Positive periodic solutions of nonlinear differential equations system with nonstandard growth

    Ayazoglu Mashiyev, Rabil; Avci, Mustafa

    In this work, we study the existence of positive periodic solutions for a p(t)-Laplacian system.

    AtıfScopus2WoS2OpenAlex2
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2019Scopus SJRQ3
    Yogurt ice cream sweetened with sucrose, stevia and honey: Some quality and thermal properties

    Arslaner, Ayla; Salik, Mehmet Ali; Özdemir, Salih; Akköse, Ahmet

    This study investigated the effects of some sweeteners (sucrose, honey and stevia) on the quality and thermal properties of plain (P) and cocoa (C) yogurt ice cream. For this purpose, six different yogurt ice cream samples were prepared with sucrose (control: AP, AC), with honey (BP, BC) and with stevia (CP, CC). The highest values of protein, ash, fat, lactose ratios and lightness (L∗) were measured in samples with stevia. The addition of honey increased the b∗values. The addition of cocoa increased pH and viscosity, but decreased overrun ratios. Although the addition of stevia reduced the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, in all samples the LAB count was above 6 log CFU/g during storage. Results of the thermal and melting analysis showed that the use of stevia had a positive effect on the ice cream stability by increasing the freezing and melting point peak temperatures (Tf, Tm), the enthalpy (ΔHf, ΔHm), and the initial ice crystal melting temperatures (T'm).

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
    AtıfScopus18WoS14OpenAlex16
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2013Scopus SJRQ2
    Molecular structure, electronic properties, NLO, NBO analysis and spectroscopic characterization of Gabapentin with experimental (FT-IR and FT-Raman) techniques and quantum chemical calculations

    Sinha, Leena; Karabacak, Mehmet; Narayan, V.; Cinar, Mehmet; Prasad, Onkar

    Gabapentin (GP), structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), mimics the activity of GABA and is also widely used in neurology for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain. It exists in zwitterionic form in solid state. The present communication deals with the quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of GP using density functional (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. In view of the fact that amino acids exist as zwitterions as well as in the neutral form depending on the environment (solvent, pH, etc.), molecular properties of both the zwitterionic and neutral form of GP have been analyzed. The fundamental vibrational wavenumbers as well as their intensities were calculated and compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The fundamental assignments were done on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method. The electric dipole moment, polarizability and the first hyperpolarizability values of the GP have been calculated at the same level of theory and basis set. The nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior of zwitterionic and neutral form has been compared. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital analysis. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum of the title molecule has also been calculated using TD-DFT method. The thermodynamic properties of both the zwitterionic and neutral form of GP at different temperatures have been calculated.

    AtıfScopus53WoS53OpenAlex58
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ4
    Production of pectin lyase from xanthomonas campestris, purification, characterization and fruit juice application

    Celik, Safinur Yildirim; Demir, Yasar; Demir, Nazan; Güllüce, Medine

    Extracellular pectin lyase (EC 4.2.2.10) was produced by Xanthomonas campestris in solid state fermentation. Solid state fermentation was carried out using 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 5 g wheat bran, 1% citrus pectin and 10 mL salt mixture that composed of 0.14% (NH4)2SO4 0.02% MgCl2 and 0.02% K2HPO4. Pectin lyase enzyme was purified 43 fold by using DEAE-cellulose anion exchange column chromatography and characterized. Molecular weight of the enzyme was determined as 77.5 kDa by using Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Purification of enzyme was controlled by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of enzyme was determined as pH 9.0 and 50°C, respectively. Pectin lyase was mostly stable 40°C for 24 hours. KM and Vmax were calculated respectively as 0.69 mg/mL and 3.84 |μmol/L∗min. Purified pectin lyase was inhibited by Fe+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+ and Hg2+ except for Cu2+ and Mg2+ The purified pectin lyase enzyme was used for getting fruits juices. It was determined that yields of fruits juices improved when it was compared with control.

  • MakaleYalnız künye2015Scopus SJRQ2
    Optimum design of steel frames with semi-rigid connections and composite beams

    Artar, Musa; Daloʇlu, Ayşe T.

    In this paper, an optimization process using Genetic Algorithm (GA) that mimics biological processes is presented for optimum design of planar frames with semi-rigid connections by selecting suitable standard sections from a specified list taken from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). The stress constraints as indicated in AISC-LRFD (American Institute of Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor Design), maximum lateral displacement constraints and geometric constraints are considered for optimum design. Two different planar frames with semi-rigid connections taken from the literature are carried out first without considering concrete slab effects in finite element analyses and the results are compared with the ones available in literature. The same optimization procedures are then repeated for full and semi rigid planar frames with composite (steel and concrete) beams. A program is developed in MATLAB for all optimization procedures. Results obtained from this study proved that consideration of the contribution of the concrete on the behavior of the floor beams provides lighter planar frames.

    • SDG 9 · Sanayi, Yenilikçilik ve Altyapı
    AtıfScopus16WoS16OpenAlex9
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2015Scopus SJRQ3
    Some physical properties of the SiGe thin film coatings by thermionic vacuum arc (TVA)

    Özen, Soner; Pat, Suat; Şenay, Volkan; Korkmaz, Şadan; Geçici, Birol

    SiGe thin films were deposited on glass and PET substrate by the thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) method for the first time. TVA is an anodic plasma generator which works in high vacuum conditions. Highly pure and quality films can be deposited on different substrates by means of this method. In order to characterize the produced films, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), optical tensiometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and spectroscopic ellipsometer (SE) devices were used. The obtained XRD peaks at 47° and 75° are described to the reflections of (220) and (331) planes of Ge or Si. According to the measurement results, substrates materials are affect the surface and optical properties of the deposited SiGe layers. SiGe coated samples with low optical band gaps exhibit low transparency and high absorption. The structures are homogenous and less rough.

    AtıfScopus15WoS16OpenAlex14
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2017Scopus SJRQ2
    The substrate effect on Ge doped GaN thin films coated by thermionic vacuum arc

    Özen, Soner; Korkmaz, Şadan; Şenay, Volkan; Pat, Suat

    This study focuses on characterization and understanding of the substrate effect on Ge doped GaN thin films coated onto transparent substrates. The produced films were deposited onto unheated glass and unheated polyethylene terephthalate by using thermionic vacuum arc technique. Gallium nitride and germanium pellets were used in the thin film production. Reflectance, refractive index and thicknesses of Ge doped GaN thin films were measured by optical interferometer using Cauchy model for fitting. The transmittances were determined in the wavelength range between 200 and 1000 nm by using UV–Vis double beam spectrophotometer. The optical Tauc method was used to determine the band gap energies of produced thin films. Surface morphologies of produced thin films were characterized by atomic force microscopy and also field emission scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, the substrate effect on the optical and morphological properties of the produced thin films was observed.

    AtıfScopus8WoS8OpenAlex9
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  • Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2018
    Relationship between entrepreneurship and organization of akhism

    Esmer, Yusuf; Yükse, Muhammet

    Foreign direct investment, as an important instrument of economic development for developing countries, provides employment, technology transfer and productivity improvement by eliminating the capital deficiency in these countries. In recent years, foreign direct investments have increased considerably in developing countries. This increase makes it necessary to investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment. This paper focuses particularly on globalization and institutional quality variables that determine foreign direct investment using panel data of 48 developing countries from 1996 to 2015. The results suggest that globalization and institutional quality have a positive effect on foreign direct investment.

    AtıfScopus1
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