Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

• 7

• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/bayburt/16068
  Mechanical power output is unaffected by starting cadence during Wingate-type sprint interval training

  Agırbas, Oztürk; Çabuk, Refık; Demirarar, Onur; Tatlısu, Bülent; Ağgön, Eser

  Wingate-type repeated sprint intervals (SITWingate) rely on the attainment of high peak power output (PPO) and the maintenance of average power output (AvPO) as mechanical acute responses that are critical for eliciting aerobic and anaerobic adaptations. In recreationally active participants, the starting cadence of a single WAnT has been shown to influence mechanical power indices. However, the effect of different starting cadences on mechanical power indices during a SITWingate protocol remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether different starting cadences in SITWingate alter mechanical power outputs. Eight recreationally active men (age: 21.1 ± 2.1 years; height: 179 ± 6.4 cm; body mass: 69.8 ± 7.1 kg) volunteered to participate. Participants completed two SIT protocols with different starting cadences (SIT80rpm and SIT120rpm) in sessions separated by ≥72 hours. Each protocol consisted of three 30-s all-out cycling bouts against a standardized load corresponding to 7.5% of body mass, interspersed with 4-min passive recovery. For each bout, PPO and AvPO were obtained. Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated no significant main effect of starting cadence on PPO (F(1,7) = 0.11, p = 0.755, ηp² = 0.015), and AvPO (F(1,7) = 0.11, p = 0.753, ηp² = 0.015). Moreover, when the means of the three sprints were compared, no differences between protocols were detected for PPO (p = 0.755) and AvPO (p = 0.753). In conclusion, starting cadences (SIT80rpm vs. SIT120rpm) had no statistically significant effect on SITWingate performance indices among recreationally active men.

  • 
  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/bayburt/15714
  Şiddetli Egzersiz Alanının Üst Sınırını Belirlemede Kullanılan Bir Yöntemin Maksimal Laktat Dengesini Belirleyebilme Başarısının Değerlendirilmesi: Deneysel Çalışma

  Balcı, Gorkem Aybars; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Alp, Egemen; Çabuk, Refık; As, Hakan

  Amaç: Maksimal laktat dengesi (MLD), şiddetli egzersiz ala- nının alt sınırını belirleyebilmenin geçerli ve güvenilir bir yöntemidir. Diğer yandan, yakın zamanda ortaya atılan bir teknik, şiddetli egzersiz alanının üst s ınırını belirlemede popüler olmu ştur (the highest inten- sity; IHIGH). Ancak bu yeni tekniğin altında yatan teorik temele dayalı olarak, MLD’yi sorgulayan bir çal ışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, IHIGH belirlemede kullanılan bu yöntemin alt sınıra uygulanması sonucunda elde edilecek egzersiz şiddetinin MLD’yi hangi düzeyde karşılayacağının araştırılmasıydı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma, iyi antrene 10 bisiklet sporcusuyla yapıldı. Katılımcılar, tüketici kademeli egzersizlerden sonra bireysel I HIGH düzeylerinin belirlenmesi için bir dizi sabit yüklü tüketici egzersize tabi tutuldu. Bireysel IHIGH düzeyleri, hâlen zirve oksijen kullanımı veren (⩒O2pik) en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti olarak kabul edildi. MLD, farklı egzersiz şiddetlerinde yapılan 30 dk’lık submaksimal egzersizlerin 30 ve 10. dk kan laktat ı farklarının 1 mmol·L-1’den az olabildiği en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti dikkate alınarak belirlendi. Değişkenler arasındaki farklılıklar, eşleştirilmiş örneklem t- test ile de ğerlendirildi. Etki büyüklü ğü (EB) Cohen d’ye göre analiz edildi. Bulgular: Beklendiği gibi MLD ve IHIGH egzersiz şiddetine ait ortalama ⩒O2 farkları anlamlıydı (55,2±4,50’ye k ıyasla 61,2±5,06 mL∙dk-1∙kg-1; p=0,000; EB=2,17). Ancak MLD %5 aşıldığında yapılan bir egzersize ait ortalama ⩒O2 değerleri, IHIGH’ı belirlemede kullanılan yöntemle elde edilen ⩒O2pik’e ula şamadı (56,3±3,42’ye k ıyasla 60,6±5,02 mL·dk-1·kg-1; p=0,002; EB=1,50). Sonuç: Elde edilen bul- gulara göre I HIGH’ı belirlemede kullanılan prosedürün ve şiddetli eg- zersiz alanı için hesaplanan ⩒O2pik’in aynı alanın alt sınırı için geçerli olmadığı ortaya koyuldu.

  • 
  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/bayburt/14099
  The success of critical velocity protocol on predicting 10000 meters running performance

  Çabuk, Baris; Demirarar, Onur; Cin, Merve; Çabuk, Refik; Özçaldiran, Bahtiyar

  Background and Study Aim The study aims to evaluate which of the critical velocity (CV) estimates of the three widely used models and the best-fit model successfully predict the running performance of 10000 meters. Material and Methods The group of participants in this study consisted of 11 British endurance athletes. The CV estimations were obtained from the models with the athletes' running velocity and exhaustion times of 1500, 3000, and 5000 meters (m). The information was taken from a website where the results of the British athletes are recorded. In terms of selecting endurance athletes, the data of the athletes who ran 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, and 10000 m in the same two years were included in this study. By fitting the data into mathematical models, the CV estimates of the three mathematical models and the individual best-fit model were compared with the 10000 m running velocity. The CV estimates were obtained by fitting the relevant data on the running velocity, exhaustion time, and running distance of the three running distances of athletes to each of the three mathematical models. Results 10000 m running velocity and times of the athletes corresponded to 19.65 +/- 1.26 km/h and 30.4 +/- 1.94 minutes, respectively. The CV values obtained from the three mathematical models and 10000 m running velocity were similar (p > 0.05). Although the lowest total standard error levels were obtained with the best individual fit method, the 10000 m running velocity was overestimated (p < 0.05). Conclusions Three mathematical models predicted 10000 meters of race velocity when an exhaustion interval between 2-15 minutes was used. Even though the mathematically most valid CV value was obtained with the best individual fit method, it overestimated the 10000 m running velocity. When comparing the values of CV and the velocity of running 10,000 meters, our study suggests using the model. This is because the model has the smallest effect size, and there is no statistically significant difference in the total standard error level between the model and the best-fit model.

  AtıfWoS1

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ3/r/bayburt/12886
  Comparison of the critical power estimated by the best fit method and the maximal lactate steady state; [Comparaison entre la puissance critique estimée par la méthode bien-être et l’état d’équilibre maximal du lactate]

  As, H.; Cabuk, R.; Norouzi, M.; Balci, G.A.; Ozkaya, O.

  Aims: Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is accepted as the gold standard method to determine the upper boundary of heavy exercise domain, while critical power (CP) is one of the most practical ways to estimate the lower boundary of severe exercise domain. However, it has been recently discussed that the upper boundary of heavy-intensity exercise domain does not equal to lower boundary of severe-intensity exercise domain. Conversely, the best individual fit method (CPfit) has recently been suggested as an accurate estimation of CP. However, there has not been a comparative evaluation of CPfit versus MLSS. The aim of this study was, therefore, to focus on the comparison of CPfit with MLSS. Methods: Eleven well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. Following the determination of maximal oxygen uptake, MLSS was determined through the performance of standard 30-minute constant work rate exercises performed on separate days. Cyclists performed four constant-load exercises lasting 2–15 minutes on different days. The data were then fitted to mathematical models to obtain CPfit. Bland-Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement (LoA) was used to measure agreement between CPfit and MLSS. Results: According to the findings, CPfit overestimated the work rate corresponding to MLSS (300 ± 38 W vs. 265 ± 39 W; P = 0.001; effect size = 3.28). Bland-Altman results showed high LoA (14 to 55.9 W) and very high bias (bias = 35 ± 10.7 W; P = 0.001; r: 0.96) between CPfit and MLSS. Conclusion: CPfit was not identical for MLSS.

  • 
  AtıfScopus1·WoS2·OpenAlex3

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11059
  Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain

  Norouzi, Mahdi; Cabuk, Refik; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Ozkaya, Ozgur

  Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake ((Formula presented.)) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both (Formula presented.) and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The (Formula presented.), corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the (Formula presented.) (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4–6 × 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16–18 × 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4–7 × 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at (Formula presented.) was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L−1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L−1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at (Formula presented.) with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.

  • 
  AtıfScopus8·WoS8·OpenAlex6

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2022Scopus SJRQ3/r/bayburt/13380
  High-Intensity Interval Training with Cycling and Calisthenics: Effects on Aerobic Endurance, Critical Power, Sprint and Maximal Strength Performance in Sedentary Males

  Kul, Murat; Turkmen, Mutlu; Yildirim, Umit; Ceylan, Ramazan; Sipal, Onur; Cabuk, Refik; Akova, Abdullah; Aksoy, Omer Faruk; Adatepe, Eda

  TABATA protocol is considered to be one of the most effective strategies among high-intensity interval training (HIIT) methods. A limited number of studies have compared the chronic effects of cycling-based and calistenic HIIT in TABATA-type. The aim of this study was to compare the chronic effects of a 8-week TABATA-type calisthenic high-intensity interval and high-intensity interval in cycling on aerobic endurance, sprint and maximal strength performance in sedentary men. 17 sedentary males participated in our study. Participants were randomly divided into calisthenic HIIT (n=9) and cycling HIIT (n=8) groups. Training groups were given 3-sessions of exercise per week on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks. Before and after the 8-week training, the body mass, body mass index, fat percentage, 30-m sprint, 1-repetition maximal strength, aerobic power and critical power levels of the participants were determined. No statistically significant different was observed in body mass (p=0.917), body mass index (p=0.928), and body fat ratio (p=0.980) in both training groups. However, both training groups achieved statistically significant improvements in peak power output (p=0.017), maximal oxygen consumption (p=0.040) and critical power (p=0.048), and there was no significant difference in the level of improvement between the groups (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in 1 repetition maximal strength and sprint values of both training groups (p<0.05). TABATA type HIIT performed calistenic provides chronic effects similar to that of interval cycling form.

  AtıfScopus12

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11940
  Grey Zone: A Gap between Heavy and Severe Exercise Domain

  Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Cabuk, Refik; Norouzi, Mahdi

  The aim of this study was to determine a critical threshold (CT) interpreted as “the highest exercise intensity where V̇O2 can be stabilized before reaching 95% of V̇O2max (V̇O2peak)” and compare it with commonly used anaerobic threshold indices. Ten well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study. Ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined from incremental tests. Multisession constant-load trials were performed to reveal V̇O2max. Mathematically modeled critical power (CP) was estimated through the best individual fit parameter method. Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) was detected by 30-minute constant-load exercises. The individual CT load of each cyclist was tested by constant-load exercises to exhaustion with +15 W intervals until minimal power output to elicit V̇O2peak. The results showed that work rate corresponding to CT (329.5 6 41.5 W) was significantly greater than that of the MLSS (269.5 ± 38.5 W; p = 0.000), VT (279.6 ± 33 W; p = 0.000), and CP (306.3 ± 39.4 W; p = 0.000), and CP overestimated both VT and MLSS (p = 0.000). There was no significant V̇O2 difference between the 10th and 30th minute of MLSS and MLSS + 15 W exercise (0.36–0.13 ml·min-1·kg-1; p = 0.621). Exercising V̇O2 response of MLSS + 15 W could not exceed the level of 95% V̇O2max (57.02 ± 3.87 ml·min-1·kg-1 and 87.2 ± 3.1% of V̇O2max; p = 0.000), whereas V̇O2 responses greater than 95% of V̇O2max were always attained during exercises performed at CT + 15 W (64.52 ± 4.37 ml·min-1·kg-1 and 98.6 6 1% of V̇O2max; p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that there is a “grey zone” between heavy and severe exercise domain. This information may play a key role in enhancing athletic performance by improving the quality of training programs.

  • 
  AtıfScopus21·WoS19·OpenAlex27

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/bayburt/14686
  The Effect of Using Different Exhaustion Intervals and Mathematical Models on Critical Power Estimations

  Balcı, Görkem Aybars; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Norouzi, Mahdi; Çabuk, Refık; As, Hakan

  Predicted critical power (CP) varies up to 5-20% depending on the preferred mathematical model and different time to exhaustion intervals. Those differentiation rates related to CP estimations cause some contradictory results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CP predictions obtained from three different exhaustion approaches (short: 2-10 minutes; medium: 2-15 minutes; long: 2-20 minutes) using five mathematical models (linear total work (CP1), linear 1/time (CP2), nonlinear 2-parameter (CP3), nonlinear 3-parameter (CP4) and exponential (CP5)), and other indices such as maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and critical threshold (CT). 10 well trained male cyclists voluntarily participated in the study. VT and RCP levels of the athletes were determined by incremental ramp tests. Constant work rate exercises were applied on different days to determine maximal oxygen uptake, peak power output, MLSS, CT and CP. Obtained data were tested by validity analysis. As mathematical models and exhaustion intervals changed, the CP predictions varied up to 20%. Except the CP4, other CP estimations were higher than the work rates corresponding to the MLSS and VT (p&lt;0.05). The CP5, which was estimated by short exhaustion interval, corresponded to the work rates belonging to the CT and RCP (p&gt;0.05; standard error of estimate ~4% and r&gt;0.95). Regardless of the preferred exhaustion interval, CP predictions obtained from the other mathematical models were insufficient to estimate any of anaerobic threshold indices (p&lt;0.05). As a result, the CP5 estimated by short exhaustion interval can be used to predict the work rates corresponded to the CT and RCP. It was not appropriate to estimate the other threshold intensities by the CP. 

  • 
  AtıfOpenAlex2·TR Dizin1

  İncele
• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/bayburt/14545
  Kümeleme Set Direnç Antrenmanı Profesyonel Voleybol Sporcularında Sprint, Çabukluk, Kuvvet ve Dikey Sıçramada Daha İyi Gelişimler Sağlayabilir

  Çabuk, Refık; Cin, Merve; Demirarar, Onur; Ozcaldiran, Bahtiyar

  Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6 hafta boyunca uygulanan geleneksel ve kümelenmiş direnç antrenmanların sprint, çabukluk, maksimal kuvvet ve dikey sıçrama performansı üzerine olan etkilerini kıyaslamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Yirmi sekiz profesyonel erkek voleybol oyuncusu bu çalışmaya katıldı. Sporcular, geleneksel direnç antrenman (GDA; n=14) ve kümelenmiş direnç antrenman grubu (KDA; n=14) olarak randomize bir şekilde 2’ye ayrıldı. Her iki grup direnç antrenmanlarını, 6 hafta boyunca ardışık olmayan 3 ayrı günde (Pazartesi, Çarşamba ve Cuma). Katılımcılara karşı hareket sıçrama, çabukluk t, 10-m, 20-m sprint, 1 tekrar maksimal (1TM) arka squat [back sguat (BS)] , “bench pres” (BP), “pull over” (PO), “military pres” ve “dead lift” (DL) testleri 6 haftalık antrenman öncesinde ve sonrasında uygulandı. Bulgular: Her iki antrenman grubu 1 TM, sprint zamanı, dikey sıçrama yüksekliği ve çabukluk t-test performanslarında istatistiksel olarak önemli gelişmeler gösterdi (p<0,05). GDA grubuyla kıyaslandığında, KDA grubu 1TM BS’de (KDA: %4,76±%2,34’e karşı GDA: %2,21±%1,57; p=0,002, “effect size” (ES)=0,51), 1TM PO’da (KDA: %7,59±%4,57’e karşı GDA: %3,96±%3,65; p=0,004, ES=0,91), 1TM DL’de (KDA: %4,19±%2,76’e karşı GDA: %1,79±%2,92; p=0,024, ES=0,875) ve 1TM BP (CRT: %5,82±4,58’e karşı GDA: %2,66±3,51; p=0,033, ES=0,31). GDA grubuyla kıyaslandığında, KDA grubu 20-m sprint (KDA: %6,48±%4,70’e karşı GDA: %1,81±%1,04; p=0,001, ES=1,93) ve çabukluk t-testi (KDA: %11,35±%3,89’a karşı GDA: %2,28±%1,85; p=0,000, ES=0,81) ve dikey sıçramada (KDA: %6,21±%0,90’a karşı GDA: %2,13±%0,61; p=0,000, ES=5,45) istatistiksel anlamda daha yüksek kazanımlar sağladı. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, profesyonel voleybolcularda, GDA yöntemine kıyasla daha iyi avantajlar sağlamaktadır.

  İncele
• MakaleAçık Erişim2019/r/bayburt/15037
  Tek Bir Seansta Zirve Oksijen Kullanım Düzeyini Veren En Yüksek Güç Çıktısını Tahmin Etmenin Basit Bir Yöntemi

  Balcı, Görkem Aybars; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Norouzi, Mahdi; Çabuk, Refık; As, Hakan

  Zirve O2 tüketim düzeyi (𝑉 O2pik) veren en yüksek güç çıktısı (aerobik limit güç; ALG)şiddetli ve aşırı egzersiz alanlarını ayıran önemli bir eşiktir ve sporcularda bireysel birALG belirleyebilmek için çok sayıda sabit yüklü tüketici test yapmak gerekmektedir.Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcuların ALG’lerini tek bir seansta belirleyebilecek biryaklaşım önermektir. Araştırmaya iyi antrene 12 bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır (𝑉 O2maks:64,7±4,2 mL∙dk-1∙kg-1; Zirve Güç (ZG): 374,1±65,7 W). 𝑉 O2pik düzeyinin belirlenmesiiçin lineer yük artışlı (ramp) testler uygulatılmıştır (+1 W·2 s-1) ve protokollerinsonunda ulaşılan final güç üretim değerleri (FG) ortalama yanıt zamanı (mean responsetime: MRT) düzeltmesi uygulanmadan (FGMRT) ve uygulanarak (FGMRT)değerlendirilmiştir. Sporcuların 𝑉 O2maks’ı ve bu değeri veren ZG değerleri, doğrulamatestleri uygulanarak bulunmuştur. Devamında sporcuların ALG (𝑉 O2maks’a %5’tendaha yakın 𝑉 O2 değeri veren en yüksek güç çıktısı) değerleri, 15 W’lık intervallerlebitkinlikle sonlanan sabit yüklü testler yoluyla ayrı günlerde taranmıştır. FGMRT ileALG değerleri arasındaki fark anlamlı değildir (FGMRT: 435,2±50,8; ALG: 435,4±62,5W, p=0,968). Bland-Altman sonuçları yüksek uyum göstermiştir (Bias=0,20±17,6 W;p=0,968). FGMRT, gerçek ZG’nin %117,5±8,8’ine karşılık gelirken, belirlenen ALGdeğeri ZG’nin %117,1±7,37’sine karşılık gelmiştir (p=0,759). Diğer yandan ramptestinden elde edilen en yüksek 15-s 𝑉 O2 ortalamaları da ALG yükündeki 𝑉 O2yanıtlarıyla benzerdir ( Ramp Test: 62,3±4,9 ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %96,2; ALG: 61,5±4,3ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %95; p=0,119 ). Sonuç olarak, ALG’yi belirleyebilmek için ayrı günlerdeçok sayıda bitkinlikle sonlanan test yapmak yerine, tek seansta bir ramp testuygulamasının 𝑉 O2maks’ı düşük tahmin ettiği ancak ALG’yi ve bu değere karşılık gelen𝑉 O2 yanıtını belirleyebilmenin oldukça pratik bir yöntemi olabileceği bulunmuştur

  • 
  AtıfTR Dizin1

  İncele