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- MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2Microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from persimmon: physicochemical properties, structural characterization and greenness assessment
Yılmaz, Özlem; Kutlu, Naciye; Kamiloğlu, Aybike; Elbir Abca, Tuğba
In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of pectin from persimmon was optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design, with pH, extraction time, and liquid-to-solid ratio as independent variables. The optimization results obtained through response surface methodology indicated optimum conditions of pH 1.78, extraction time of 8 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 125 mL/g, corresponding to a predicted pectin yield of 4.28%. In the validation experiment, the actual pectin yield was determined to be 3.79 ± 0.04%, confirming a good agreement with the model predictions. The degree of esterification, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid and ash contents, water- and oil-holding capacities, antioxidant activity, rheological behavior, and structural properties (FT-IR, DSC, and 1H NMR) of the samples obtained under optimal MAE and conventional extraction conditions were compared. Based on the degree of esterification, both samples were classified as high-methoxyl, with galacturonic acid contents of 41% and 42% for the MAE and conventionally extracted samples, respectively; both values were below the ≥ 65% level specified for commercial food-grade pectin. The ash content was higher in the MAE sample (7.22%) than in the conventionally extracted sample (1.56%). MAE resulted in a pectin-rich complex with a relatively low galacturonic acid content and higher antioxidant activity than the conventionally extracted sample. Furthermore, the MAE sample exhibited higher water-holding capacity but lower oil-binding capacity than the conventionally extracted sample. Rheological analysis showed that the MAE sample exhibited higher apparent viscosity and shear stress than the conventionally extracted sample. FT-IR analysis revealed more pronounced absorption bands in the MAE sample, suggesting structural differences. DSC analysis revealed differences in the thermal behavior of the MAE and conventionally extracted samples. Additionally, 1H NMR analysis supported the presence of characteristic pectic structural features in both samples. The greenness assessment of the method was assessed using the Greenness Evaluation Metric for Analytical Methods (GEMAM), which yielded an overall score of 7.482, indicating a high level of environmental acceptability. Overall, MAE can be considered an efficient and sustainable approach for obtaining a pectin-rich complex with antioxidant activity from persimmon.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon calyx
Kutlu, Naciye; Kamiloğlu, Aybike; Abca, Tuğba Elbir; Yilmaz, Özlem
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) calyx by deep eutectic solvents (DES) with different molar ratios. For this reason, the prepared DES extracts’ total phenolic–flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl radical scavenging activity [DPPH•], Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]) were investigated as a result of the experimental design and optimization study conducted for this purpose. A sonication time of 20 min was determined as the optimal condition. Under these conditions, a molar ratio of 1.9:1 (lactic acid:choline chloride) and a water ratio of 70% provided the highest phenolic/flavonoid compounds and antioxidative activity. Correlations among water ratio, molar ratio, and sonication time were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). In conditions where total flavonoid compound, FRAP, and DPPH• are high due to PCA, it can be concluded that the sonication time is at high level; on the contrary, the water and molar ratios are at low level. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted extraction using DES proved effective in persimmon calyx. Therefore, it can be recommended to use these environmentally friendly green solvents as an alternative to organic solvents in preparing extracts in various fields. Practical Application: This study shows the effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted green extraction method using persimmon calyx specified as waste. These findings are compelling in the food industry in terms of consumers being now aware of green technology and the discovery that calyx is a good source of bioactive compounds.
AtıfScopus19WoS21OpenAlex23
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