The Importance of Nutrition and a Balanced Diet in the Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Age is an important risk factor for the mortality rate in the COVID-19 disease, and mostly, hospitalised patients over 60 years with chronic diseases are at high risk of death due to this disease. Along with preventive measures, proper nutrient intake might be helpful in maintaining a healthy state or reduce the severity of the COVID-19 disease in the elderly. Methods: The search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar and Web of Science using the following terms: COVID-19, coronavirus, elderly, elderly nutrition. Results: The requirement for some macro and micronutrients, especially the nutrients that support the immune activity, increases in this disease. During the pandemic, the daily energy requirement for the elderly is 27-30 kcal/kg, while the protein intake is at least 1g/kg, and the ratio of fat and carbohydrate is 30:70 or less than 50:50. The daily intake of vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, zinc and selenium can also be increased due to their supporting function in the immune system. Probiotics include Bifidobacterium longum MM-2, Lactobacillus plantarum 06CC2, Lactobacillus bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus M21, and the consumption of prebiotics in diet enhances the immune function. Additionally, flavonoids, such as baicalin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, luteolin, resveratrol and quercetin, improve immunity by reducing oxidative stress in the elderly. Conclusion: Adequate and balanced nutrition diet should be applied during the pandemic; in addition to this, micronutrient deficiencies should also be overcome in the elderly at every stage of life. Nuron&The novel coronavirus, called SARS-CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2), emerged at the end of 2019 in China and was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on March 11th, 2020 [1]. It has spread more rapidly than previous coronavirus outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus); thus, it has affected most countries [2, 3]. By August 2021, WHO reported globally 206.958.371 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 4.357.179 deaths [4]. Since SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), it binds to the ACE2 membrane of alveolar epithelial cells and attacks firstly the respiratory system [5].