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- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1Physical Activity, Technology Use, and AI Anxiety Among University Students: Associations With Academic Integrity Attitudes
Yaman, Menzure Sibel; Çakir, Zekai; Çatikkas, Fatih; Türkmen, Mutlu; Sengönül, Abdullah; Gönen, Mevlut; Öktem, Tuncay; Güzel, Sema; Yel, Kader
This study examined the associations between university students' physical activity, technology use habits, and anxiety related to artificial intelligence (AI) within an academic integrity context. Since the study did not measure verified misconduct, academic integrity was conceptualised as attitudes and self-reported behaviours. Perceptions of uncited AI use and citation practices were therefore defined as the primary integrity-related outcomes. A survey was completed by 1,018 students (TUHS, AIAS), complemented by focus group interviews with 25 participants. Quantitative analyses (t-tests, ANOVA, regression) indicated that regular physical activity was associated with lower self-reported technology dependence and lower AI anxiety. Non-active female students and younger students (18-22) recorded the highest scores. Daily internet use exceeding six hours and social media-focused engagement were associated with greater dependence and anxiety. Qualitative findings provided explanatory depth: physically active students described a more routine, focused, and self-regulated approach, while inactive students emphasised longer screen time, distraction, and stress. These patterns were consistent with the quantitative results. Overall, the findings suggest that balanced technology use, physical activity, and clear ethical awareness (e.g., citation behaviour) are associated with lower technology dependence and AI anxiety. Integrating digital literacy and ethics training with programmes that encourage physical activity may support responsible technology use and integrity-related awareness in higher education. Findings are interpreted as patterns of co-occurrence rather than causal effects, because the cross-sectional design does not allow directionality.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2Barriers to physical activity in individuals with autism spectrum disorders after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Türkiye
Yarımkaya, Erkan; Şenlik, Zeynel Abidin; Demir, Mehmet; Töman, Ufuk; Kul, Murat; Türkmen, Mutlu
The individual, environmental and systemic physical activity (PA) barriers experienced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in daily life may become more complex after a devastating disaster such as an earthquake. In order to effectively combat the high level of inactivity that may occur after an earthquake in individuals with ASD, PA barriers must be determined before the earthquake. However, no description is provided in the literature regarding the PA barriers experienced by individuals with ASD after the earthquake. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to examine parents’ experiences regarding PA barriers experienced by individuals with ASD after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Türkiye. Fifteen parents of individuals aged 8 and 31 with ASD were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed using both inductive and deductive content analysis approach. Three overarching themes were found: (1) the effects of PA on individuals with ASD, (2) post-earthquake PA barriers, and (3) the consequences of lack of PA in individuals with ASD. The results revealed that parents were aware of the benefits of PA and directed their children with ASD to PA before the earthquake. However, after the earthquake, parents encountered PA barriers that they had to overcome, and this negatively affected the children with ASD.
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İncele - MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1Psychological well-being, body image and self-esteem in elite and amateur female taekwondo athletes in Türkiye
Gönen, Mevlüt; Türkmen, Mutlu; Çakır, Zekai; Arı, Fatih; Çatıkkaş, Fatih
Background: Female athletes competing in weight-category sports may experience unique psychological pressures related to body image, performance expectations, and sociocultural gender norms. While elite sport participation is often assumed to enhance psychological functioning, evidence remains mixed. This study examined differences in psychological well-being, body image, self-esteem, and athletic identity between elite and amateur female taekwondo athletes in Türkiye, a cultural context characterised by distinct gender and body norms, and explored their associations with psychological well-being. Türkiye represents a theoretically relevant context in which institutional weight regulation intersects with sociocultural gender norms, creating a setting in which body-related psychological experiences may be uniquely shaped by both sport structures and cultural expectations. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed with 233 female taekwondo athletes (107 elite, 126 amateur; M_age = 22.0 ± 3.2 years). Participants completed validated Turkish versions of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS), the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). Independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlations, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results: No significant differences were found between elite and amateur athletes in psychological well-being or self-esteem. Elite athletes demonstrated significantly stronger athletic identity (p <.001), whereas amateur athletes reported significantly, though modestly, higher body image scores (p =.046). In regression analyses, self-esteem (β = 0.428, p <.001) and body image (β = 0.354, p <.001) were significant predictors of psychological well-being, jointly explaining 52.6% of the variance (R² = 0.526), with self-esteem showing the strongest independent association. Effect size estimates indicated that differences were large for athletic identity (d = 0.75), small for body image (d = 0.26), and negligible for psychological well-being and self-esteem (d = 0.09 and d = 0.13, respectively). Conclusions: Psychological well-being in female taekwondo athletes was more strongly associated with self-esteem and body image than with competitive level. These findings support prioritising self-esteem and body appreciation in structured psychological support programs for female athletes in weight-category sport systems.
- DüzeltmeAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1Correction: Preservice teachers’ attitudes toward pedagogical humour: the role of physical activity, sociodemographic factors, and academic discipline
Çakır, Zekai; atıkkaş, Fatih; Türkmen, Mutlu; Şengönül, Abdullah; Yaman, Menzure Sibel; Öktem, Tuncay; Gönen, Mevlüt; Güzel, Sema; Yel, Kader
Correction: BMC Psychology (2025) 13:1423. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03751-4. Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified errors in several references. The incorrect and correct references are listed below: [13, 16, 27, 29, 36, 37, 42, 44, 48, 53, 70, 103, 118, 134, 138, 146, 180, 181, 182] Additionally, the authors requested the inclusion of the following statement in the Author Contributions section: During the preparation of this manuscript, AI-assisted tools were used solely for language editing, grammar correction, and improving readability. Reference No. Incorrect reference Correct reference Zhou Y, Lee J. Humor integration in technology-supported classrooms: impacts on student emotions and learning outcomes. J Comput Assist Learn. 2025;41(1):55–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12788 Zhou W, Lee JC. The role of related humor in facilitating instructional information processing in video lectures: insight from EEG. 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Stress, physical activity, and mindfulness practices among youth amidst COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living. 2024;6:1493729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1493729 Zillmann D, Stocking SH. Putdown humor. J Commun. 1976;26(3):154–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01920.x Zillmann D, Stocking SH. Putdown humor. J Commun. 1976;26(3):154–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01919.x Nikbakhsh R, Farahani A. Investigating humor and team cohesion in sports environments. J Electr Syst. 2024;20(1):404–14. Safaei MA, Safania A, Nikbakhsh R, Farahani A. Investigating humor and team cohesion in sports environments. J Electr Syst. 2024;20(1):404–414. Şahin M. Teachers’ perceptions of humor use in schools: contributions to the educational process. J Pedagog Res. 2021;5(3):1–15. https://doi.org/10.33902/jpr.202127083 Sahin A. Humor use in school settings: the perceptions of teachers. 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The effects of emotional culture, suppression, and work–family conflict on firefighter risk-taking and health. Acad Manag J. 2017;60(1):78–108. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0952 Cao Y, Li X, Zhang Y. The impact of culture and social distance on humor. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1123456. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211065938. Cao Y, Hou Y, Dong Z, Ji LJ. The impact of culture and social distance on humor appreciation, sharing, and production. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2023;14(2):207–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211065938.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1Investigation of endocrine and cerebral response and nutrition and physical performance parameters according to bigorexia nervosa levels: a cross-sectional study in sports sciences faculty students
Erkılıç, Ali Ozan; Bayraktar, Bülent; Erkiliç, Tuğçe Orkun; Türkmen, Mutlu; Kul, Murat; Yönal, Mehmet
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Bigorexia nervosa (BGN) levels on endocrine (Asprosin, GLP-1) and cerebral (BDNF) responses and nutritional and physical (6MWT, Six-Minute Walk Test)), speed, metabolic equivalent unit (MET)) performance parameters in students of the faculty of sports sciences. This study investigated muscle dysmorphic disorder (MDD), physical activity levels, and specific hormonal markers in 120 university students (63 females, 57 males) aged 18–25 years, all studying sport sciences and reporting no existing health problems. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder (Bigorexia) Inventory through face-to-face interviews. Physical activity was assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) to measure walking distance, and Metabolic Equivalent (MET) was calculated based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) formula. Body Mass Index (BMI) was determined from anthropometric measurements of height and body weight. Saliva samples were collected to analyze Asprosin, BDNF, and GLP-1 hormone levels using the ELISA technique.Data were analyzed using number, percentage, mean, chi-square, t-test, Pearson correlation, and ANOVA tests. In all analyses, significance was accepted as p < 0.05. According to the demographic findings of the study, the majority of participants (64.2%) were third-year students, and 52.5% were female. The mean age of the participants was 22.01 years, the mean height was 168.59 cm, and the mean weight was 62.61 kg. 73.3% of the individuals were classified as normal weight, 12.5% as pre-obese, 11.7% as underweight, and 2.5% as obese. Men had significantly higher bigorexia and its subscale scores than women (p < 0.05), and bigorexia was positively correlated with height and negatively correlated with BMI (p < 0.01). Mean salivary BDNF levels were higher in participants consuming 1–2 meals per day (p = 0.035), and mean salivary asprosin levels were significantly higher in the obese group compared to the healthy group (p = 0.008). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was found between asprosin and GLP1 levels (r = 0.585; p < 0.01). Bigorexia status was significantly associated with meat, meat products, and fat consumption (p < 0.05), while no association was found with physical performance parameters such as 6MWT, speed, and MET (p > 0.05). The average MET value was found to be 4.53, indicating that participants generally engaged in moderate-intensity physical activity. In conclusion, examining endocrine (asprosin, GLP-1) and cerebral (BDNF) hormone responses, as well as nutritional and physical performance parameters, according to BGN levels reveals the impact of BGN on physiological and nutritional behaviors. Given the impact of BGN trends on students’ health, examining hormone profiles and their relationships with physical performance and nutrition is believed to significantly contribute to understanding the health problems associated with BGN and developing appropriate interventions.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1Preservice teachers’ attitudes toward pedagogical humour: the role of physical activity, sociodemographic factors, and academic discipline
Çakır, Zekai; Çatıkkaş, Fatih; Türkmen, Mutlu; Şengönül, Abdullah; Yaman, Menzure Sibel; Öktem, Tuncay; Gönen, Mevlüt; Güzel, Sema; Yel, Kader
Background: Humour in educational contexts is not merely an element of entertainment but a powerful pedagogical tool that reduces anxiety, enhances motivation, strengthens classroom climate, and facilitates learning. While affiliative and anxiety-reducing functions of humour foster social bonds, it is well documented that hostile or aggressive humour can undermine students’ self-concept. For this reason, humour must be employed with careful consideration in pedagogical settings. Although recent research has increasingly examined the associations between humour, psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility, and social interaction, studies evaluating preservice teachers’ humour attitudes concerning lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity) and socio-demographic variables remain limited. The present study seeks to address this gap by situating the multidimensional nature of humour at the intersection of pedagogy, lifestyle, and cultural context. Methods: The study, conducted within a cross-sectional survey design, included 766 preservice teachers (397 male, 369 female) enrolled at various universities in Turkey during the 2023–2024 academic year. Participants were classified as physically active or inactive based on WHO and ACSM criteria. The Attitude Scale Toward the Use of Humour in Education (ASTUHE) was employed as the data collection instrument. The scale consists of 17 items grouped into three subscales: PHNE (Perceiving Humour as Necessary in Education), ELI (Effect on Language and Instruction), and CCM (Contribution to Classroom Management). In Balta’s (2016) original study, internal consistency was reported as α = 0.89, whereas in the present research, internal consistency was α = 0.887. For the analyses, independent-samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc tests (LSD, Tukey HSD, Bonferroni) were conducted, with effect sizes (Cohen’s d, η², ηp²) also reported. Results: Preservice teachers generally evaluated humour as a positive element in education. Students who engaged in regular physical activity reported significantly higher attitude scores than their inactive peers (M = 3.51 vs. 2.86; p <.001, d = 0.62). Female students exhibited more favourable attitudes than males (p <.05, d = 0.61–0.98). Likewise, students involved in team sports demonstrated significantly higher scores than those engaged in individual sports (p <.001, d = 0.60–0.96). Differences were also observed across academic discipline, class level, family humour climate, income level, and place of upbringing (p <.05, ηp² = 0.015–0.027). In particular, students raised in urban centres evaluated the functions of humour in education more positively, likely due to their exposure to broader cultural and social stimuli. These findings underscore that humour is not merely a pedagogical skill but a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by lifestyle, social environment, and cultural factors. Conclusions: Regarding contribution to the literature, the study illuminates the relationship between humour and lifestyle factors, while simultaneously revealing the multilayered structure of humour through the combined examination of diverse socio-demographic variables. Moreover, the positive (affiliative, supportive) and negative (sarcastic, aggressive) aspects of humour are contextualised and discussed in light of the literature. Although the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-report data limit causal inference, the findings suggest that preservice teachers’ humour awareness and the availability of physical activity opportunities in university settings may enhance pedagogical skills and psychosocial resilience. Future longitudinal and experimental research could more clearly elucidate the causal mechanisms linking humour and lifestyle factors.
AtıfScopus3WoS4OpenAlex6İncele - MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1Do we need a guideline for all: a qualitative study on the experiences of male athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Gökmen, Mehmet Yiğit; Çepikkurt, Fatma; Belibağlı, Mehmet Cenk; Uluöz, Mesut; Özyol, Funda Çoşkun; Bavlı, Özhan; Karıncaoğlu, Ergin; Uluöz, Eren; Türkmen, Mutlu
Background: Considering the low rate of qualitative studies on athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), aiming to access in-depth data, we thought that the utilization of the qualitative method would allow us to collect the appropriate and sufficient data to yield novel findings and achieve sound conclusions. The study’s aim was to investigate anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury experience processes in athletes who had undergone isolated ACLR, reveal the clinically related milestones, and highlight the necessary gaps. Methods: Semi-structured interview techniques, in-depth follow-up questions, and thematic analysis were used to explore the experiences of participants with isolated ACL injuries 1–3 years after surgical treatment. The study was conducted in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology outpatient clinic of the Adana City Training and Research Hospital and included 14 male athletes who had undergone isolated primary ACLR. The study group’s demographic and qualitative data were collected in the first week of September 2023. The member checking process was completed in the third following week. A thematic analysis checklist was used to ensure the reliability of the thematic analysis. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting of Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines were followed. Results: The experiences of 14 patients (22.78 ± 3.76 years, all males) were summarized into four themes that emerged from the data analysis process: ‘The Distinctions in the Participants’ Experiences Regarding the Moment of Injury,’ ‘Gathering Information about the ACL Injury,’ ‘Factors That Facilitate The Treatment Process and Reinforce Positive Experiences,’ and ‘Desperate Plight: Main Points of Patients’ Negative Experiences.’ Based on the main themes, there were 14 subthemes. Conclusions: Our study revealed that varying perceptions of ACL injury presented by the participants, which were caused by all stakeholders, including themselves, the professional environment, family members, social network, and the healthcare staff, showed that the physical and psychological impacts of the injury were observed in different severity levels at each stage of the process. We believe that an extensive guide for athletes with ACL injuries that includes all components of well-being and displays the required details for the sports club/coach, family/companion, and physician.
AtıfWoS1OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2021Scopus SJRQ3Cycling as transportation & COVID-19: Advantages of shared bicycles during epidemics
Saatchian, Vahid; Azimkhani, Amin; Türkmen, Mutlu; Laein, Dorri Dolatkhah
In addition to the environmental problems that have plagued human life in recent decades, the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic has endangered people's health and adversely affected their lives in other ways. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the advantage of using shared bicycles (SB) during the outbreak of epidemics. For this purpose, 310 male subscribers of an SB system were examined. The research tool was a questionnaire taken from studies. The results showed that the environmental and health advantages were favourable, but the place advantage indicated a relatively unfavourable situation. The results of the structural equation model also showed that the advantages of using an SB based on the highest impact are the motivational advantage, health advantage, environmental advantage, social advantage, financial advantage and place advantage. These results can provide useful solutions for governments to reduce environmental risks and maintain health and physical activity during epidemics.
AtıfScopus8OpenAlex10İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2021Scopus SJRQ4Investigating the role of social functions of parks on adherence to physical activity of elderly people during an epidemic disease (COVID-19)
Azimkhani, Amin; Honari, Habib; Türkmen, Mutlu; Gholamian, Javad; Saatchian, Vahid; Salari, Reyhane
Introduction: The importance of desirable physical activity as a deterrent and risk factor for the elderly is well known. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of parks’ social functions on adherence to physical activity in elderly people in Mashhad During epidemic disease (COVID-19). Method: This cross-sectional study was performed using a structured interview technique and a multi-part questionnaire on 100 elderly people. Sampling was done in two stages using a systematic random method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the social function of parks and its components with adherence to physical activity in the elderly (P <0.05) and well as 18% of adherence to physical activity changes is related to the social function of parks. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that many factors are affecting physical activity in elderly people, which understanding these factors help educators and other health professionals in designing appropriate intervention programs. Maintaining regular PA during self-isolation is important for the prevention of future chronic health conditions due to a sedentary lifestyle. During crises, functional medical care and vital societal services are of the highest priority.
AtıfScopus1OpenAlex1İncele - Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2021Scopus SJRQ4The effect of muscle electrical stimulation on muscle stiffness problems and musculoskeletal pain caused by muscle imbalance: A systematic review
Saatchian, Vahid; Türkmen, Mutlu; Esfahani, Mahdi; Zadeh, Reza Amin; Talib, Ahmed Mushtaq; Azimkhani, Amin
Whole Body Electrical Stimulation (WB-EMS) is a relatively new training method that has been used extensively in recent years, however, the lack of consensus on the efficacy of Whole Body Electrical Stimulation exists, and the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of this method on postural structure problems and musculoskeletal pain. Summary of articles by ISC, Google Scholar, American Journal of Sports Medicine, PubMed Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, Cochrane, and Sports Medicine Journals between 2000 and 2019 were studied to identify all studies that report electrical stimulation applied simultaneously to the upper and lower limbs. Keywords: Electrical stimulation, Electrical muscle stimulation, Functional electrical stimulation, Whole body electrical stimulation, Wearable sensors, Electrotherapy, Electrode vest, Electrode vest for treatment and rehabilitation, E-fit, Electronic muscle stimulation, Whole body electronic muscle stimulation, Electronic Stimulation, Electronic Suit, Wearable Sensor, and Electrotherapy were used to obtain relevant articles and finally, 22 articles were compared according to the set criteria of 107 papers. Based on the results of studies on the effects of Whole Body Electrical Stimulation, this tool is based on parameters such as muscle strength, muscle size, body composition, obesity, sarcopenia, sarcopenia- induced obesity and pain reduction in non-specific chronic low back pain patients, have a significant positive effect. Due to the lack of studies on the effects of Whole Body Electrical Stimulation and the inconsistency between studies and the lack of similar consensus, further research is needed.
AtıfScopus4WoS3İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2021Scopus SJRQ4Examination of the Effects of Archery Exercises on Some Physical Parameters of University Students
Türkmen, Mutlu; Kul, Murat; Gönen, Mevlüt; Karataş, İsmail; Ceyhan, Mehmet Ali; Yildirim, Ümit; Türker, Üstün; Ustabulut, Mete Yusuf
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of eight-week modern archery training on some physical parameters of university students. In the study, one-group pretest-posttest design from the experimental research methods was used. The study group consisted of a total of 25 voluntary- students were chosen randomly 10 female and 15 male, undergraduate, and graduate levels during the fall semester of 2020-2021 academic year at Bayburt University, who have not received Olympic archery training before. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was applied to analyse the data of the study. Regarding female participants, within the scope of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test results; according to the analysis results of the variables “Index Finger”, “Middle Finger”, “Ring Finger”, statistically significant differences were found between the pretest and posttest values for each variable. Regarding male participants, within the scope of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test results; according to the analysis of the results of the participants’ “Back-Leg”, “Index Finger”, “Middle Finger” variables, statistically significant differences were found between the pretest and posttest values for each variable.
AtıfScopus2WoS2OpenAlex2İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2021Scopus SJRQ3An analysis of the role of the social acceptance of university students’ bicycle use in sustainable urban development when epidemics spread
Saatchian, Vahid; Azimkhani, Amin; Honari, Habib; Türkmen, Mutlu
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the acceptance of university students’ bicycle use in sustainable urban development in Iran when epidemics spread. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the investigation was carried out as a field study. The statistical population of the study consisted of university students, 254 of whom were selected by a simple random sampling method to participate in the research. The research instrument was a questionnaire based on the Sustainable Development with a reliability coefficient of 0.83; the social acceptance component was based on the theory of planned behaviour with a reliability coefficient of 0.8. As the results of the investigation have demonstrated, the bicycle plays a significant role in the development of the socialization process of people, and there is a positive and significant relationship between social acceptance and sustainable development (p<0.05). Furthermore, 20% of sustainable development change was achieved through the dimensions of social acceptance (planned behaviour theory). Finally, it can be argued that perceived behaviour in social acceptance is most likely to play a significant role in the emergence of sustainable development by external factors such as encouragements and persuasion of the family, important people, friends, acquaintances, and even by the existing norms in society. Subsequently, as people change their mindset when epidemics spread, they can turn all the behaviours they manifest in their leisure time into a culture development movement.
AtıfScopus2OpenAlex2İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2020Scopus SJRQ3An analysis of the role of the social acceptance of University Students' bicycle use in sustainable urban development when epidemics spread
Saatchian, Vahid; Azimkhani, Amin; Honari, Habib; Türkmen, Mutlu
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the acceptance of university students' bicycle use in sustainable urban development in Iran when epidemics spread. The research method was descriptivecorrelational, and the investigation was carried out as a field study. The statistical population of the study consisted of university students, 254 of whom were selected by a simple random sampling method to participate in the research. The research instrument was a questionnaire based on the Sustainable Development with a reliability coefficient of 0.83; the social acceptance component was based on the theory of planned behaviour with a reliability coefficient of 0.8. As the results of the investigation have demonstrated, the bicycle plays a significant role in the development of the socialization process of people, and there is a positive and significant relationship between social acceptance and sustainable development (p<0.05). Furthermore, 20% of sustainable development change was achieved through the dimensions of social acceptance (planned behaviour theory). Finally, it can be argued that perceived behaviour in social acceptance is most likely to play a significant role in the emergence of sustainable development by external factors such as encouragements and persuasion of the family, important people, friends, acquaintances, and even by the existing norms in society. Subsequently, as people change their mindset when epidemics spread, they can turn all the behaviours they manifest in their leisure time into a culture development movement.