Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/10840
  Upper extremity muscle thickness and grip strength following a boccia-based intervention in hemiparetic individuals

  Hazar, Emre Berk; Güder, Betul Canbolat; Hazar, Kursat; Gök, Umut Diyar; Alkhamees, Nouf H.; Ibrahim, Zizi M.; Al-Mhanna, Sameer Badri; Batrakoulis, Alexios

  Introduction The global prevalence of stroke is increasing, highlighting the critical importance of effective post-stroke rehabilitation. Although boccia was originally designed for individuals with special needs, its potential benefits for stroke rehabilitation, particularly regarding task-related changes in ultrasound-observed muscle characteristics, have not been thoroughly investigated. Purpose This study aimed to examine the association of an 8-week boccia-based intervention with changes in upper extremity muscle thickness and grip strength in individuals with hemiparesis following stroke. Methods A total of 22 stroke survivors were randomly allocated to a boccia group (Boc, n = 12) or a control group (Ctrl, n = 10). While the control group received conventional physical therapy for eight weeks, the boccia group participated in both physical therapy and boccia-based intervention three times per week. Upper extremity muscle thickness and grip strength were assessed before and after the intervention. Results In the control group, a significant increase was observed only in the triceps brachii muscle thickness. In contrast, the boccia group demonstrated statistically detectable increases in forearm muscles (flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, pronator teres, and brachioradialis), triceps brachii muscle thickness, and grip strength. Conclusion Incorporating boccia-based intervention into the rehabilitation programs of individuals with hemiparesis after stroke may be associated with broader upper extremity muscle involvement and concurrent improvements in grip strength. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating.

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  AtıfScopus3·WoS3·OpenAlex2

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/12650
  How accurately do large Language models interpret sport safeguarding principles: an evaluation using the International Olympic Committee framework

  Gökmen, Mehmet Yiğit; Belibağlı, Mehmet Cenk; Karıncaoğlu, Ergin; Nazlıcan, Mahmut Çağatay; Türkmen, Eren; Yönal, Mehmet; Uluöz, Eren

  Background: Safeguarding in sport, defined as the prevention of abuse, harassment, and exploitation, has become a core ethical responsibility for sport organizations. With the growing influence of artificial intelligence, large language models are increasingly being used to interpret, summarize, and operationalize policy documents. However, their reasoning fidelity in value-laden contexts such as athlete protection remains uncertain. Methods: This document-based comparative study evaluated two advanced large language models, ChatGPT (OpenAI) and NotebookLM (Google), against twenty-five decision points derived from the 2024 International Olympic Committee Consensus on Interpersonal Violence and Safeguarding in Sport. Responses were independently scored by two evaluators across four dimensions: accuracy, ethical reasoning, applicability, and responsibility awareness. Quantitative and qualitative analyses assessed concordance with IOC recommendations, inter-rater reliability, and reasoning patterns. Structured PICO-style prompts were used to ensure standardized and comparable model interrogation across all decision points. Results: ChatGPT achieved a higher mean composite score (3.84 ± 0.41) than NotebookLM (3.32 ± 0.77) (Wilcoxon Z = 3.41, p = 0.001, r = 0.68; n = 25 paired decision points), with full concordance in 21/25 (84.0%) versus 14/25 (56.0%) decision points. Inter-rater agreement was excellent (Cohen’s kappa = 0.89). ChatGPT demonstrated stronger procedural reasoning and clearer alignment with IOC-defined responsibilities, while NotebookLM emphasized empathy and cultural nuance. Both models underperformed in survivor-centred reasoning and outcome evaluation metrics. Conclusion: LLMs can partially reproduce the ethical and procedural logic embedded in sport safeguarding frameworks, but their reasoning remains incomplete without human oversight. Their integration into governance, education, and policy translation should follow clear ethical guardrails to prevent misinterpretation or amplification of harm. These systems may support policy drafting, education, and communication, yet they should function strictly as augmentative tools rather than independent decision-makers. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically benchmark LLM reasoning against an official international safeguarding framework in sport. Future research should evaluate interactive and multilingual applications to enhance contextual accuracy and equitable safeguarding outcomes.

  AtıfScopus1·WoS1

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11044
  The effects of music with different rhythms on various sports parameters: an investigation on traditional Turkish archery athletes

  Şahan, Kübra; Boz, Emre

  Background: This study seeks to contribute uniquely to the underexplored field of traditional Turkish archery by objectively examining the effects of music on physiological and technical parameters, including heart rate, shooting duration, shooting frequency, shooting performance, and draw biomechanics. Methods: In this context, the study investigated the effects of rhythmic diversity on parameters such as heart rate, shooting frequency, shooting duration, shooting accuracy, and draw biomechanics. The participants of the study were 14 students studying at Bayburt University and interested in traditional Turkish archery. The athletes were assigned shooting tasks initially without music and then with music at different BPM ranges (Downbeat, Medium, and Upbeat). Various biometric and athletic data were recorded before and after the music. During the practice, the effects of downbeat, medium, and upbeat tempo music on different physiological reactions and performance variables were analyzed. A Polar watch, a digital stopwatch, and a high-resolution camera were used during the shooting sessions. Kinovea software was used to measure draw biomechanics. Results: The study results revealed significant differences in heart rate between shots performed with music at different rhythms, with higher average values found with higher tempo music (p < 0.05; F = 13.842). Regarding shot duration (p < 0.05; F = 9.212) and shooting frequency (p < 0.05; F = 8.763), shots performed without music took longer, while shots performed with moderate tempo music were found to be the most efficient. Participants scored significantly higher for shots performed with both no music (42.09) and medium rhythm music (44.71) than for shots performed with downbeat and upbeat tempo music (p < 0.05; F = 9.826). However, no differences were found in the draw biomechanics that shape technical performance during shooting based on music type (p > 0.05; F = 0.968). Conclusions: The findings indicate that while higher musical tempos elevate athletes’ heart rates and reduce shooting duration and frequency, shooting performance is superior at moderate tempos compared to downbeat or upbeat tempos.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/10846
  Impact of life kinetik training on balance, agility, jumping, proprioception, and cognitive function in preadolescent recreational fencing athletes: a randomized controlled trial

  Yarayan, Yunus Emre; Keskin, Kadir; Çelik, Okan Burcak; Guder, Betul Canbolat; Kurtipek, Serkan; Aslan, Mehdi; Sögüt, Tarkan; Durhan, Tebessum Ayyildiz; Alkhamees, Nouf H.; Bin Sheeha, Bodor

  Background The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of Life Kinetik (LK) exercises on balance, agility, jumping performance, proprioception, and cognitive functions in recreationally active preadolescents participating in fencing. Methods The study lasted 8 weeks and included 22 preadolescents recreationally engaged in fencing, aged 11.6 +/- 1.2 years, with an average weight of 49.5 +/- 10.5 kg and an average height of 157.5 +/- 10.0 cm. Preadolescents were randomly assigned to either the LK group or the control group. The experimental group participated in LK exercises twice per week, with each session lasting one hour. Results The results indicate that the changes in Stroop, agility, vertical jump, and proprioception test performance between the pre-test and post-test for the control group are not statistically significant. However, the LK group showed statistically significant improvements in Stroop, agility, and vertical jump performance between the pre-test and post-test (p < 0.001). Conversely, the change in proprioception test performance between the pre-test and post-test for the LK training group was not statistically significant. The changes in star balance test performance between the pre-test and post-test for the control group was not statistically significant. In contrast, the LK group showed a statistically significant improvement in star balance test performance between the pre-test and post-test (p < 0.001). Conclusions These findings indicate that while LK exercises are effective in boosting overall athletic performance, they may not be sufficient for developing specific skills such as proprioception.

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  AtıfScopus5·WoS4·OpenAlex10

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/12635
  An examination of performance enhancement attitudes and belief levels regarding sports supplements among students receiving education on ergogenic aids and anti-doping practices

  Karakaya, Umut Can; Ceyhan, Mehmet Ali

  Background: This study examines the changes in performance enhancement attitudes and sports supplement belief levels among sports sciences faculty students after education on ergogenic aids and anti-doping practices. In the highly competitive environment of modern sports, nutrition and ergogenic aids are crucial in enhancing athletic performance and preventing injuries. However, research in this area is limited, and existing literature emphasizes the need to explore the relationship between education and these topics. Methods: The study employed an experimental design using a one-group pre-test and post-test method. The research group comprised 61 students (24 female and 37 male) from the Faculty of Sport Sciences at Bayburt University. Data collection tools included the “Personal Information Form,” the “Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS),” and the “Sports Supplement Belief Scale (SSBS).” Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software. The skewness and kurtosis values were calculated to assess the data distribution, and parametric tests, including t-tests and ANOVA, were applied. Results: The findings revealed that education on ergogenic aids and anti-doping practices significantly improved students’ performance-enhancement attitudes. For example, PEAS scores increased from a pre-test mean of 38.74 to a post-test mean of 44.13 (p < 0.05), representing a change of approximately 13.91%. However, no significant changes were observed in SSBS scores. This suggests that students’ beliefs regarding sports supplements may be shaped by prior knowledge and experiences, making them less influenced by the educational intervention. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that education on ergogenic aids and anti-doping practices can positively influence students’ performance-enhancement attitudes. However, more in-depth educational programs may be required to impact beliefs about sports supplements. These findings can guide the development of more effective educational programs to enhance athletic performance and safeguard athlete health. By providing evidence-based insights, this study significantly contributes to the existing literature and supports the development of policies and educational initiatives in anti-doping and athlete education.

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  AtıfScopus1·WoS1·OpenAlex1

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11285
  Comparison of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on the balance performance of Turkish wrestlers

  Durukan, Erdil; Aydin, Gokhan; Goktepe, Mehmet; Cicek, Guner; Guder, Ferhat; Isik, Ozkan

  Background: The importance of dynamic and static stretching exercises on motoric abilities before an athletic performance is well known. However, there is limited information about their effects on balance performance. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on wrestlers’ balance performance and compare wrestlers’ balance levels according to their wrestling styles. Method: A total of 28 wrestlers who performed dynamic stretching (n = 14) and static stretching (n = 14) protocols voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected using Togu Challenge Disc 2.0. An independent samples t-test was applied to compare the data that were determined to show normal distribution. Results: When comparing dynamic balance according to warm-up protocols, it was found that there was a significant difference in favor of wrestlers who performed dynamic stretching (p = 0.023). However, no statistically significant difference was found between static and dynamic stretching groups in terms of static balance (p = 0.238). Additionally, while a significant difference was observed in the wrestlers’ dynamic balance scores in both dynamic and static stretching exercises in favor of freestyle wrestlers (p = 0.008; p = 0.022), a significant difference was found in static balance scores in favor of Greco-Roman wrestlers (p = 0.014; p = 0.018). Conclusion: Dynamic stretching exercises were found to support wrestlers’ balance performance more than static stretching. The results showed that the different warm-up protocols applied before training and competition can have different effects on the wrestlers’ performance. Therefore, it is suggested that wrestlers should prefer warm-up protocols including dynamic stretching exercises to optimize pre-performance balance outcomes.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/13051
  The impact of inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical performance of high school athletes

  Asan, Selim; Ulupınar, Süleyman; Özbay, Serhat; Namlı, Sevinç; Gençoğlu, Cebrail; Canyurt, Ferhat; Çingöz, Yunus Emre; Özkara, Abdullah Bora

  Background/Objective: This study was conducted during the 2019–2020 academic year to evaluate the impact of participation in school sports on students’ Body Mass Index (BMI) and Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA) test scores. Interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a suspension of in-person education, the study resumed in September 2021, refocusing on the effects of pandemic-induced inactivity on the physical fitness levels of the same cohort. Methods: The study included twenty-nine male high school students (age: 17,24 ± 0,73 years), divided into thirteen athletes (participating in sports such as football, basketball, and track) and sixteen non-athletic counterparts. They underwent reassessment using the ALPHA test battery, evaluating cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and motor skills fitness. Data were analyzed using independent and paired samples t-tests and a two-way repeated measures ANOVA to assess changes over time and between groups. Discriminant function analysis evaluated the ALPHA test’s ability to classify students based on their athletic status pre- and post-pandemic. Results: Initially, athlete students exhibited significantly better BMI, 20 m shuttle run, and 4 × 10 m speed run scores compared to their non-athlete peers. After the pandemic, only the 20 m shuttle run scores remained significantly higher for athletes, with diminished distinctions in other fitness areas. The classification accuracy of the ALPHA test battery decreased from 89.7 to 75.9% post-pandemic. Conclusion: The enforced sedentary lifestyle due to the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected all students, particularly diminishing health-related fitness parameters such as body composition, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal strength, and motor skills. Students previously engaged in regular physical activity, notably school athletes, experienced significant fitness declines. This highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to encourage active lifestyles among youth in the post-pandemic phase, aiming to avert long-term adverse health outcomes.

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  AtıfScopus8·WoS5·OpenAlex8

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• MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11064
  Do we need a guideline for all: a qualitative study on the experiences of male athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

  Gökmen, Mehmet Yiğit; Çepikkurt, Fatma; Belibağlı, Mehmet Cenk; Uluöz, Mesut; Özyol, Funda Çoşkun; Bavlı, Özhan; Karıncaoğlu, Ergin; Uluöz, Eren; Türkmen, Mutlu

  Background: Considering the low rate of qualitative studies on athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), aiming to access in-depth data, we thought that the utilization of the qualitative method would allow us to collect the appropriate and sufficient data to yield novel findings and achieve sound conclusions. The study’s aim was to investigate anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury experience processes in athletes who had undergone isolated ACLR, reveal the clinically related milestones, and highlight the necessary gaps. Methods: Semi-structured interview techniques, in-depth follow-up questions, and thematic analysis were used to explore the experiences of participants with isolated ACL injuries 1–3 years after surgical treatment. The study was conducted in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology outpatient clinic of the Adana City Training and Research Hospital and included 14 male athletes who had undergone isolated primary ACLR. The study group’s demographic and qualitative data were collected in the first week of September 2023. The member checking process was completed in the third following week. A thematic analysis checklist was used to ensure the reliability of the thematic analysis. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting of Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines were followed. Results: The experiences of 14 patients (22.78 ± 3.76 years, all males) were summarized into four themes that emerged from the data analysis process: ‘The Distinctions in the Participants’ Experiences Regarding the Moment of Injury,’ ‘Gathering Information about the ACL Injury,’ ‘Factors That Facilitate The Treatment Process and Reinforce Positive Experiences,’ and ‘Desperate Plight: Main Points of Patients’ Negative Experiences.’ Based on the main themes, there were 14 subthemes. Conclusions: Our study revealed that varying perceptions of ACL injury presented by the participants, which were caused by all stakeholders, including themselves, the professional environment, family members, social network, and the healthcare staff, showed that the physical and psychological impacts of the injury were observed in different severity levels at each stage of the process. We believe that an extensive guide for athletes with ACL injuries that includes all components of well-being and displays the required details for the sports club/coach, family/companion, and physician.

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