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- MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ1Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain
Norouzi, Mahdi; Cabuk, Refik; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Ozkaya, Ozgur
Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake ((Formula presented.)) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both (Formula presented.) and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The (Formula presented.), corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the (Formula presented.) (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4–6 × 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16–18 × 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4–7 × 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at (Formula presented.) was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L−1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L−1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at (Formula presented.) with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.
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İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ1Grey Zone: A Gap between Heavy and Severe Exercise Domain
Ozkaya, Ozgur; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; As, Hakan; Cabuk, Refik; Norouzi, Mahdi
The aim of this study was to determine a critical threshold (CT) interpreted as “the highest exercise intensity where V̇O2 can be stabilized before reaching 95% of V̇O2max (V̇O2peak)” and compare it with commonly used anaerobic threshold indices. Ten well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study. Ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined from incremental tests. Multisession constant-load trials were performed to reveal V̇O2max. Mathematically modeled critical power (CP) was estimated through the best individual fit parameter method. Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) was detected by 30-minute constant-load exercises. The individual CT load of each cyclist was tested by constant-load exercises to exhaustion with +15 W intervals until minimal power output to elicit V̇O2peak. The results showed that work rate corresponding to CT (329.5 6 41.5 W) was significantly greater than that of the MLSS (269.5 ± 38.5 W; p = 0.000), VT (279.6 ± 33 W; p = 0.000), and CP (306.3 ± 39.4 W; p = 0.000), and CP overestimated both VT and MLSS (p = 0.000). There was no significant V̇O2 difference between the 10th and 30th minute of MLSS and MLSS + 15 W exercise (0.36–0.13 ml·min-1·kg-1; p = 0.621). Exercising V̇O2 response of MLSS + 15 W could not exceed the level of 95% V̇O2max (57.02 ± 3.87 ml·min-1·kg-1 and 87.2 ± 3.1% of V̇O2max; p = 0.000), whereas V̇O2 responses greater than 95% of V̇O2max were always attained during exercises performed at CT + 15 W (64.52 ± 4.37 ml·min-1·kg-1 and 98.6 6 1% of V̇O2max; p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that there is a “grey zone” between heavy and severe exercise domain. This information may play a key role in enhancing athletic performance by improving the quality of training programs.
AtıfScopus21WoS19OpenAlex27İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2021The Effect of Using Different Exhaustion Intervals and Mathematical Models on Critical Power Estimations
Balcı, Görkem Aybars; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Norouzi, Mahdi; Çabuk, Refık; As, Hakan
Predicted critical power (CP) varies up to 5-20% depending on the preferred mathematical model and different time to exhaustion intervals. Those differentiation rates related to CP estimations cause some contradictory results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CP predictions obtained from three different exhaustion approaches (short: 2-10 minutes; medium: 2-15 minutes; long: 2-20 minutes) using five mathematical models (linear total work (CP1), linear 1/time (CP2), nonlinear 2-parameter (CP3), nonlinear 3-parameter (CP4) and exponential (CP5)), and other indices such as maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and critical threshold (CT). 10 well trained male cyclists voluntarily participated in the study. VT and RCP levels of the athletes were determined by incremental ramp tests. Constant work rate exercises were applied on different days to determine maximal oxygen uptake, peak power output, MLSS, CT and CP. Obtained data were tested by validity analysis. As mathematical models and exhaustion intervals changed, the CP predictions varied up to 20%. Except the CP4, other CP estimations were higher than the work rates corresponding to the MLSS and VT (p<0.05). The CP5, which was estimated by short exhaustion interval, corresponded to the work rates belonging to the CT and RCP (p>0.05; standard error of estimate ~4% and r>0.95). Regardless of the preferred exhaustion interval, CP predictions obtained from the other mathematical models were insufficient to estimate any of anaerobic threshold indices (p<0.05). As a result, the CP5 estimated by short exhaustion interval can be used to predict the work rates corresponded to the CT and RCP. It was not appropriate to estimate the other threshold intensities by the CP.
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İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2019Tek Bir Seansta Zirve Oksijen Kullanım Düzeyini Veren En Yüksek Güç Çıktısını Tahmin Etmenin Basit Bir Yöntemi
Balcı, Görkem Aybars; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Norouzi, Mahdi; Çabuk, Refık; As, Hakan
Zirve O2 tüketim düzeyi (𝑉 O2pik) veren en yüksek güç çıktısı (aerobik limit güç; ALG)şiddetli ve aşırı egzersiz alanlarını ayıran önemli bir eşiktir ve sporcularda bireysel birALG belirleyebilmek için çok sayıda sabit yüklü tüketici test yapmak gerekmektedir.Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcuların ALG’lerini tek bir seansta belirleyebilecek biryaklaşım önermektir. Araştırmaya iyi antrene 12 bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır (𝑉 O2maks:64,7±4,2 mL∙dk-1∙kg-1; Zirve Güç (ZG): 374,1±65,7 W). 𝑉 O2pik düzeyinin belirlenmesiiçin lineer yük artışlı (ramp) testler uygulatılmıştır (+1 W·2 s-1) ve protokollerinsonunda ulaşılan final güç üretim değerleri (FG) ortalama yanıt zamanı (mean responsetime: MRT) düzeltmesi uygulanmadan (FGMRT) ve uygulanarak (FGMRT)değerlendirilmiştir. Sporcuların 𝑉 O2maks’ı ve bu değeri veren ZG değerleri, doğrulamatestleri uygulanarak bulunmuştur. Devamında sporcuların ALG (𝑉 O2maks’a %5’tendaha yakın 𝑉 O2 değeri veren en yüksek güç çıktısı) değerleri, 15 W’lık intervallerlebitkinlikle sonlanan sabit yüklü testler yoluyla ayrı günlerde taranmıştır. FGMRT ileALG değerleri arasındaki fark anlamlı değildir (FGMRT: 435,2±50,8; ALG: 435,4±62,5W, p=0,968). Bland-Altman sonuçları yüksek uyum göstermiştir (Bias=0,20±17,6 W;p=0,968). FGMRT, gerçek ZG’nin %117,5±8,8’ine karşılık gelirken, belirlenen ALGdeğeri ZG’nin %117,1±7,37’sine karşılık gelmiştir (p=0,759). Diğer yandan ramptestinden elde edilen en yüksek 15-s 𝑉 O2 ortalamaları da ALG yükündeki 𝑉 O2yanıtlarıyla benzerdir ( Ramp Test: 62,3±4,9 ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %96,2; ALG: 61,5±4,3ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %95; p=0,119 ). Sonuç olarak, ALG’yi belirleyebilmek için ayrı günlerdeçok sayıda bitkinlikle sonlanan test yapmak yerine, tek seansta bir ramp testuygulamasının 𝑉 O2maks’ı düşük tahmin ettiği ancak ALG’yi ve bu değere karşılık gelen𝑉 O2 yanıtını belirleyebilmenin oldukça pratik bir yöntemi olabileceği bulunmuştur
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