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- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1Quantification of Honey Adulteration Using a Planar Microstrip Metamaterial-Motivated Sensor and Software-Defined Radio
Cem Hasar, Ugur; Hasar, Hafize; Kaya, Yunus; Ozturk, Hamdullah; Korkmaz, Huseyin; Kosunalp, Selahattin; Iliev, Teodor; Tariqul Islam, Mohammad; Nayyeri, Vahid; Mustafa Ramahi, Omar
This work presents the application of a planar microstrip metamaterial (MM)-motivated sensor in the form of a split-ring resonator (SRR) for the detection and quantification of water adulteration in honey samples. The proposed sensor utilizes inexpensive software-defined radio (SDR) measurements, offering a cost-effective solution. Unlike previous MM sensors employing SRR configuration, our proposed MM-motivated sensor is integrated with a microstrip feedline and an additional vertical bar, enhancing its sensing capability. To enable accurate measurements, a simple calibration procedure based on baseline normalization is implemented, allowing for amplitude-only transmission measurements (|S-21|) using the SDR. A special sample holder was designed to increase the repeatability of measurements. We separately employ two postprocessing techniques, namely, the rolling average (RA) approach and the Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter, to effectively eliminate ripples in the measured |S-21| data obtained from the SDR. For validation and evaluation of the proposed sensor and postprocessing techniques, measurements of flower honey samples with water adulteration levels (delta ) up to 10% (mass-to-mass basis) were also performed using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The resonance frequency of |S21| is utilized as the basis for analysis. We establish a metric function (linear function) that correlates the shift in resonance frequency with delta. It is observed that this function fits to measured resonance frequency values with an R(2 )value greater than 0.96 for both postprocessing techniques with or without the sample holder. By inverting this function, we can predict delta with considerable accuracy for a given resonance frequency by using another linear function. It is observed that percentage variations between predicted and measured delta values are between 1.54% and 6.46% for testing samples with delta = 5% and delta = 7%.
AtıfScopus5WoS2OpenAlex5
İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2025Scopus SJRQ1Sensitive Microwave Sensor for Detection and Quantification of Water in Adulterated Honey
Hasar, Hafize; Hasar, Ugur Cem; Kaya, Yunus; Ozturk, Hamdullah; Korkmaz, Huseyin; Yuzgulec, Kadir; Karaaslan, Muharrem; Ebrahimi, Amir; Nayyeri, Vahid; Ramahi, Omar M.
Honey is a rich source of sugar and is one of the indispensable ingredients in infant foods. Thus, it can be subjected to adulteration due to its cost. Measurement techniques such as liquid chromatography and near-infrared spectroscopy, used for detecting any adulteration, are expensive and need to be conducted by highly trained personnel for off-line analysis. Microwave measurements, as a fast, simple, and relatively inexpensive analysis, have recently shown great potential in detecting adulteration within honey samples. Nonetheless, sensor types used in such measurements are conventional. In this study, a reflection-type sensitive microwave sensor terminated by a metal back is proposed for the first time in the literature for the detection and quantification of water percentage ( delta ) level (mass-to-mass basis) within water-adulterated honey samples. When compared with other resonance-based microwave cavity sensors, thanks to its eight strips located at the centers of two closed circular loops, it demonstrates superior frequency selectivity and sensitivity ( S=5.13 %) validated by full-wave 3-D simulations performed by the CST Microwave Studio and equivalent circuit analysis carried out by the Advanced Design System (ADS) software. For example, for ethanol, the proposed sensor gives a frequency shift of more than 1 GHz in the X band. Resonance frequency shift and variation of the reflection coefficient amplitude ( |S11| ) are measured at X band to detect honey samples with up to 8% adulteration level. Three different honey samples (flower honey, highland honey, and thyme honey) were examined to test the performance and applicability of the proposed sensor.
AtıfScopus18WoS14OpenAlex17İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1Simple and inexpensive microwave setup for industrial based applications: Quantification of flower honey adulteration as a case study
Hasar, Ugur C.; Hasar, Hafize; Ozturk, Hamdullah; Korkmaz, Huseyin; Kaya, Yunus; Ozkaya, Mehmet Akif; Ebrahimi, Amir; Barroso, Joaquim J.; Nayyeri, Vahid; Ramahi, Omar M.
A simple and inexpensive microwave measurement setup based on measurements of magnitudes of transmission properties ( | S 21 | dB \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}|S₂₁|_dB\end{document} ) is proposed for industrial-based microwave aquametry (moisture or water content) applications. An easy-to-apply calibration procedure based on normalization is implemented to eliminate systematic errors in the measurement system. As a case study, we applied this setup for the quantification of water-adulteration in flower honey. After validating this system by distilled water and pure flower honey measurements, | S 21 | dB \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}|S₂₁|_dB\end{document} measurements of the pure flower honey with various adulteration percentages ( delta \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}δ\end{document} ) up to 9% are conducted to examine the performance of the measurement setup for quantification of water adulteration. A multi-dimensional fitting procedure is implemented to predict delta \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}δ\end{document} using the proposed inexpensive microwave measurement setup. It is shown that it is possible to quantify an adulteration level with an accuracy better than -/+ 1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}∓ 1\end{document} % by the proposed measurement setup and the applied multi-dimensional fitting procedure.
AtıfScopus12WoS10OpenAlex15
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