Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ4/r/bayburt/12763
  Readaptation of the functional reserves of elite mixed martial arts athletes during long-term rehabilitation after musculoskeletal injuries

  Savenko, Andrii; Chernozub, Andrii; Turkmen, Mutlu; Olkhovyi, Oleh; Shtefiuk, Ivan; Korchagin, Mukola

  Purpose. To study the distinctive characteristics of functional reserve readaptation in elite Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes during long-term rehabilitation after musculoskeletal injuries using various physical therapy protocols. Material & Methods. The study examined 24 elite athletes who sustained musculoskeletal injuries after competitions, predominantly involving the neuromuscular system and limb ligaments. 50 % of the athletes had previously practiced Muay Thai boxing, while the others specialized in Greco-Roman wrestling before MMA. The monitoring of the athletes’ functional reserve readaptation during rehabilitation lasted seven months. The study included four control stages (before injury, and after two, five, and seven months of rehabilitation), each accompanied by a set of test loads designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the readaptation. To assess the adaptive and compensatory responses of the body to the applied loads, a series of blood biomarkers was analyzed, including creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cortisol, and creatinine. Changes in body composition were tracked using bioimpedance analysis. Results. The most noticeable signs of adaptation failure in elite MMA athletes occurred during the first two months of rehabilitation. Compared to pre-injury data, both groups of athletes showed a decrease in baseline creatine phosphokinase and creatinine levels. This was accompanied by an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in their blood serum, marking a significant drop in the body’s functional reserves and overall resistance. During the three-month rehabilitation period, athletes exhibited only partial signs of functional readaptation, despite the implementation of protocols that significantly differed from standard physical therapy approaches. Moreover, a decrease in blood cortisol concentration in response to physical load was detected in both groups, suggesting a low level of resistance and the need for additional energy supply. During the last eight weeks of the seven-month rehabilitation program, exercises replicating 85-90% of MMA technical skills facilitated both the activation and enhancement of functional readaptation. Modifications to the protocols led to an increase in baseline creatinine and creatine phosphokinase levels, along with a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity in both groups. Simultaneously, the changes observed in biochemical blood markers in response to the test loads indicated activation of mechanisms supporting short-term adaptation. Conclusions. The findings indicate the limited effectiveness of standard physical therapy protocols in supporting the readaptation of functional reserves among elite MMA athletes during long-term rehabilitation. Despite the high resistance of physiological systems to physical loads recorded before injury, the lack of sufficient muscular activity during the five-month rehabilitation period led to the manifestation of compensatory reactions. Restructuring the rehabilitation protocols with adjusted training loads and exercises simulating 75-80% of combat movements positively influenced the athletes’ recovery. The study results helped to identify and analyze the low effectiveness of functional reserve readaptation observed in many elite MMA athletes during long-term rehabilitation after musculoskeletal injuries.

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  AtıfOpenAlex3

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ4/r/bayburt/11371
  Examining the Relationship Between Boxers' Sports Achievement Goals and Sports Anxiety Levels

  Akyuz, Hayri; Zeze, Bahar

  Purpose. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between boxers' goal of success in sports and their levels of sports anxiety and to determine whether their goal of success in sports and their levels of sports anxiety differ according to demographic variables. Material & Methods. The research was conducted within the framework of descriptive and relational screening model methods. The population of the research consists of boxers who participated in the Turkish Individual Boxing Championship held in Bayburt province between June 28, 2025 and July 6, 2025. The research sample consists of n: 370 people selected from this population using simple random sampling method. Data collection tools included the "Personal Information Form", the "Sports Achievement Goal Scale (SAGS)", and the "Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS)." Data were analyzed using the SPSS 27.0 program. The normality of the data distribution was assessed using kurtosis and skewness tests, concluding that the data followed a normal distribution. Furthermore, reliability analysis of the scale sub-dimensions and total scores indicated that both were reliable. Descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, and standard deviation; t-tests and ANOVA were used to examine differences between variables; and Pearson Correlation Test was used to analyze relationships between variables. Tukey test was applied for multiple comparisons. Significance value (p<0.05) was considered in the data analysis. Results. According to the t-test results, significant differences were found between the boxers' gender variable and the SAGS total scores and sub-dimensions in favor of male boxers (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the international degree status variable and the scale total scores and sub-dimensions (p>0.05). On the other hand, significant differences were found between the boxers' sport category variable and the SAGS total scores and sub-dimensions in the ANOVA test results (p<0.05). Furthermore, the correlation test results revealed no correlation between the participants' age and sport age variables and the scale sub-dimensions and total scores (p>0.05). In addition, a low-level, negative, and significant correlation was found between the weight class variable and the total scores and subdimensions of the SAGS (p<0.05). Moreover, a low-level, positive, and significant correlation was found between the participants' weekly sport activity duration variable and the "somatic" sub-dimension of the SAS (p<0.05). Conclusions. Finally, low, moderate, and high-level positive correlations were found between the scale sub-dimensions and total scores. In conclusion, it can be said that as boxers' sports anxiety levels increase, their achievement goals in sports also increase. The findings indicate that boxers’ achievement goal orientations are important psychological determinants of competitive anxiety levels. These results provide important practical implications for training planning, psychological support practices, and particularly for rehabilitation-oriented interventions aimed at anxiety regulation. Taking achievement goal orientations into account may contribute to reducing injury risk, supporting recovery processes, and promoting long-term athlete health.

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