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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/bayburt/11563
  Acute Music-Frequency Exposure Modulates Salivary Stress and Neurotrophic Markers in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  Bozok, Ümmü Gülşen; Özcan, Gülbahar Böyük; Bayraktar, Bülent; Özen, Doğukan

  Background: The exam period is a period full of intense stress and anxiety that deeply affects cognitive and physiological responses for university students. Listening to music has the potential to protect cellular health and alleviate the negative effects of stress by affecting individuals' mood, and cognitive functions. This study aimed to investigate the differential effects of 528 and 432 Hz music frequencies on salivary BDNF, CREB, and GRP78 levels in young adults, along with their association with cognitive performance under exam-related stress. Methods: A total of 162 healthy university students were randomly assigned to three groups: no music (control), 528 Hz instrumental music, and 432 Hz instrumental music. Participants listened to music for 20 min, after which saliva samples were collected and analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) levels using ELISA. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Stroop word-color test administered by medical doctor. Results: Exposure to 528 Hz music significantly increased salivary BDNF (3.84 [2.76–4.13]) and CREB levels (1.5 [1.38–1.59]) compared to control (p < 0.05), whereas GRP78 levels were elevated in the 432 Hz group (0.51 [0.47–0.58]) (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups in Stroop test performance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that specific music frequencies elicit distinct biological responses under exam-related stress, even in the absence of immediate cognitive performance differences. Salivary neurotrophic and stress-related biomarkers may offer valuable non-invasive insights into music's neuromodulatory effects. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: AMU-EC-8522.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/bayburt/11547
  Recitation Mode Is Associated With Salivary CREB and Cortisol Responses during Qur'anic Recitation

  Okur, Süheyb; Topyay, Yusuf; Bayraktar, Bülent

  Background: Spiritual practices such as Qur'anic recitation are commonly associated with psychological and physiological regulation; however, their salivary biomarker correlates remain insufficiently understood. This exploratory study examined whether different modes of Qur'anic recitation were associated with changes in salivary cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a biomarker related to plasticity-associated pathways, and cortisol, a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Methods: The sample comprised three nonrandomized, criterion-defined conditions: Passive Control (n = 20; participants unable to read Qur'anic Arabic), Sight-Reading (n = 30), and Memorized Recitation (n = 30). Saliva samples were collected immediately before and after the experimental task or passive rest period. Salivary CREB and cortisol concentrations were quantified using ELISA. Post-task CREB levels were analyzed using ANCOVA with baseline CREB as a covariate. Cortisol responses were analyzed using change scores, Welch's ANOVA, and an additional robust factorial model with HC3 heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors to evaluate exploratory Condition × Gender patterns. Results: After controlling for baseline CREB levels, experimental condition had a significant effect on post-task salivary CREB, F(2, 76) = 8.16, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.18. Memorized recitation showed higher adjusted post-task CREB levels than both sight-reading and passive control conditions. Cortisol change scores also differed significantly across conditions, Welch's F(2, 40.02) = 30.76, p < 0.001. Both active recitation conditions were associated with cortisol reduction relative to passive rest, with no significant difference between sight-reading and memorized recitation. Although descriptive data suggested a possible gender-related divergence in the memorized recitation condition, the Condition × Gender interaction did not remain statistically significant under robust estimation and was therefore interpreted as exploratory. Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that Qur'anic recitation modes are associated with distinct salivary biomarker patterns. Memorized recitation was linked to higher adjusted salivary CREB levels, whereas both active recitation modes were associated with cortisol attenuation relative to passive rest. Because the present design did not include active non-Qur'anic vocalization or neutral reading control conditions, the specificity of these effects to Qur'anic content cannot be determined. Future studies should include active control conditions and larger gender-stratified samples to clarify the mechanisms underlying these biomarker responses.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ2/r/bayburt/11306
  The Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Salivary Cortisol, BDNF, and NDNF Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study

  Okur, Süheyb; Bayraktar, Bülent; Tosun Köse, Fatma

  Purpose: The main objective of this study is to non-invasively investigate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and cortisol, the primary stress output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as neurotrophic factors associated with neuroplasticity brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF and NDNF). Within this framework, the hypotheses that negative metacognitions would be associated with increased cortisol and decreased BDNF levels, and that cortisol might play a mediating role in this relationship, were tested. Method: The study was designed in a cross-sectional model with 60 university students. Participants' metacognitive beliefs were measured using the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). Salivary cortisol, BDNF, and NDNF levels were analyzed using the ELISA method. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used for data analysis. Finding: The results showed a significant positive relationship between the total metacognition score and cortisol (r = 0.589, p < 0.01) and a strong negative relationship between cortisol and BDNF (r = −0.662, p < 0.01). Hierarchical regression analysis supported a partial mediation model, indicating that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs have both a significant direct negative association with BDNF and an indirect association mediated by cortisol. In the final model, both metacognition (β = –0.298, p < 0.05) and cortisol (β = –0.281, p < 0.05) were significant factors associated with lower BDNF levels. NDNF showed a positive relationship with BDNF (r = 0.571) but not with other variables. Conclusion: These findings point to a psychobiological model where dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are linked to suppressed neuroprotective mechanisms like BDNF, both directly and indirectly through HPA axis activation. The results shed light on the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of metacognitive therapies.

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