Electrosprayed particles for improved delivery of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals

Carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals have vital roles for living organisms, yet they often remain underutilized due to their poor solubility, limited stability, and low bioavailability. Thanks to electrospraying technology, innovative solutions are available to overcome these challenges compared to conventional delivery systems. Therefore, this book chapter provides comprehensive information on the principles, mechanisms, electrospraying techniques, effective parameters on particle formation and properties, regulatory aspects, and in vitro/in vivo particle delivery systems of electrosprayed carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals. The chapter is structured into five main sections. The first section gives a brief introduction to electrospraying technology and electrosprayed particles. In the second section, the focus shifts to the fundamentals of electrospray technology and detailing their underlying principles, types, and parameters. The third section delves into the specific uses of electrospraying for xbiotics, phenolic and nonphenolic compounds, with particular emphasis on the applications of electrospraying for the encapsulation of carotenoids and minerals, carotenoids, and taste-related compounds. This section also related to the impact of electrospraying on seafood quality as a good example. The fourth section provides an in-depth analysis of the stability, absorption, and bioavailability improvements of electrosprayed particle delivery systems through in vitro and in vivo studies. The final section addresses regulatory considerations, safety, and future perspectives. It reviews the current regulatory landscape for food additives and dietary supplements, emphasizing the compliance requirements for novel electrosprayed delivery systems. Through detailed scientific insights and practical applications, this chapter paves the way for innovative approaches to electrosprayed particles for improved delivery of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals.