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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/12683
  Structural condition assessment of the Bamsı Beyrek observation terrace in Bayburt, Türkiye, on autonomous updated FEMs

  Ergün, Mustafa; Tayfur, Bilal; Güneş, Erdi

  This study involves detailed numerical and experimental investigations to assess the current structural condition of the Bamsı Beyrek steel observation terrace in Bayburt, Türkiye. The numerical dynamic characteristics of the structure were obtained by free vibration analysis conducted on the preliminary finite element model, while the experimental ones were determined through ambient vibration testing. The ultimate finite element models representing the actual state of the structure were developed through the model updating process based on the principle of minimizing the differences between numerical and experimental dynamic characteristics via the Teaching-Learning Based Optimization Algorithm. Load types and their characteristic values, potentially impacting the observation terrace during its service life, were identified according to national and international code standards. The internal forces obtained from the analysis conducted on the updated model under the influence of these loads were combined using various load combinations. The structure was then statically and dynamically checked based on the most critical responses calculated from these combinations. Structural responses are evaluated based on distributions in PMM ratios on the structure, PMM ratios of all elements according to the combination that causes the most adverse values, and maximum displacements. Consequently, considering all the findings obtained from the assessments conducted on the finite element model, which reflects the current state of the observation terrace under various loads, it has been concluded that the structure is statically and dynamically reliable and does not require any repair or strengthening procedures.

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  AtıfScopus1·WoS1·OpenAlex1

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11527
  Resilience-oriented seismic retrofit of heritage masonry minarets using hybrid base isolation and supplemental damping

  Ergun, Mustafa; Tonyali, Zeliha; Kiral, Adnan; Elias, Said

  Historic masonry mosques represent a highly vulnerable class of cultural heritage structures whose seismic fragility stems from their complex geometries, heterogeneous material composition, and rigid load-transfer mechanisms. This study presents a resilience-oriented seismic performance improvement of the historic masonry minaret of the Bayburt Grand Mosque, a structure with limited lateral deformation capacity that challenges the applicability of conventional strengthening measures. To address this limitation, a hybrid retrofitting strategy is introduced, integrating lead rubber bearings (LRBs) with supplemental viscous dampers (VDs) at the foundation level. This combined system—implemented for the first time in a historic masonry minaret—aims to enhance energy dissipation and displacement control through a minimally invasive and architecturally compatible approach. Finite element analyses (FEA), coupled with MATLAB-supported optimization routines, were used to calibrate isolator stiffness and damper coefficients. Three configurations were evaluated: fixed-base, LRB-isolated, and hybrid LRB–VD systems. Nonlinear time-history analyses (NTHAs) using the 1992 Erzincan (Otlukbeli) earthquake record quantified displacements, stress–strain responses, and damage progression. Results show that while base isolation mitigates seismic demand, it remains insufficient under restricted deformation capacity. The proposed hybrid system reduces peak horizontal displacements from 22 cm to 12 cm, limits drift ratios below 0.17 %, and lowers maximum tensile stresses from 4.890 MPa to 0.490 MPa—well below the masonry tensile strength of 0.880 MPa. Two iterative analytical design methodologies are additionally introduced to derive effective isolator stiffness and viscous damping coefficients, enabling systematic integration into resilience-focused evaluation frameworks. Overall, the study advances reliability-based, conservation-compatible retrofitting practices for historic masonry minarets and supports sustainable strategies for seismic risk mitigation.

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  AtıfScopus8·WoS7·OpenAlex6

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2/r/bayburt/11269
  Seismic performance of prestressed girder bridges considering soil-pile-structure interaction and isolation systems

  Öner, Erdal; Aydoğan, Ayşe N.; Yurdakul, Muhammet; Ergün, Mustafa; Artar, Musa

  This article presents a comprehensive numerical study to determine the seismic performance of the Kirazlıyalı Çenesuyu Bridge, currently in service in Kocaeli, Türkiye, under both seismically isolated and non-isolated conditions, considering different soil types. The study holds great importance due to Kocaeli’s status as one of Türkiye’s most developed industrial regions, its location in a high-seismic-risk area, and its complex geological structure. The Kirazlıyalı Çenesuyu Bridge is a structure consisting of simply supported prestressed girders, commonly used in highway transportation networks. Designed as a twin bridge, the structure is 134 meters in length and 20 meters in width. Currently, the bridge is not equipped with seismic isolators; instead, its superstructure rests on elastomeric bearings over abutments and piers. Within the scope of this study, the bridge was retrofitted with Single Curved Friction Pendulum (SCFP) seismic isolators. These SCFP isolators were specifically designed in accordance with the Turkey Building Earthquake Code (TBEC-2019) standards for two distinct soil classes: ZA (hard rock) and ZC (very dense sand and gravel). The soil-pile interaction was simulated using single-parameter Winkler spring models in both horizontal and vertical directions. The Finite Element Model (FEM) of the bridge was developed in SAP2000 software, and analyses were conducted on this platform. The seismic performance of the bridge was assessed through nonlinear dynamic time history analyses using real earthquake ground motion records from the Imperial Valley, Kocaeli, and Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık) earthquakes under various scenarios. The seismic responses of the bridge were examined in terms of base shear forces, lateral displacements of the pile, shear forces at the pier, bending moments at the pier, deck accelerations, and the hysteresis curves of the isolator. The study results demonstrate significant improvements in the seismic behavior of the bridge when equipped with the seismic isolation system. Furthermore, these improvements are shown to be directly influenced by the interaction of the structure-pile-soil system, as well as the compatibility between the frequency characteristics of this system and the frequency content of the imposed earthquake. The numerical data supporting these results are presented in the relevant sections through tables and graphs.

  AtıfScopus2·WoS2

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026Scopus SJRQ4/r/bayburt/10951
  Effect of Seismic Isolation on Earthquake Behavior of Mid-Rise Reinforced Concrete Building Systems

  Delikkaya, Uğur; Karabulut, Pembe Merve; Ergün, Mustafa

  When the latest updated Türkiye Earthquake Hazard Map and Active Fault Maps are examined, it is seen that a large part of Türkiye's surface area is at earthquake risk. With increasing urbanization, the majority of the population lives in cities built on active earthquake faults. The 7.8 and 7.5 magnitude earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, Pazarcık, and Elbistan occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, and caused significant loss of life and major damage in 10 provinces. In the damage assessment studies conducted after the earthquakes, it was determined that the damage in structures constructed with tunnel formwork systems was less than the damage in other structural systems. The importance of seismic isolators in such a severe earthquake was once again revealed. Within the scope of this study, the earthquake performance of mid-rise buildings constructed with tunnel formwork systems and mid-rise buildings constructed with reinforced concrete carcass construction systems was compared with and without isolators for different soil classes. When the obtained results were examined, it was observed that the earthquake performance of the structures constructed with the tunnel formwork system was better than that of the structures constructed with the reinforced concrete frame structure system and that in cases where a seismic isolator was used, the isolator positively affected the forces acting on the structure and the structure displacements.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025Scopus SJRQ3/r/bayburt/12666
  A comprehensive analysis of the ground motions of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquakes

  Kiral, Adnan; Tonyali, Zeliha; Ergun, Mustafa

  With a focus on the dynamic characteristics of the ground motion recorded in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, this study provides an overview of the historical seismicity of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) as well as the characteristics of the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (Mw=7.7 and Mw=7.6) that resulted in property loss and casualties on February 6, 2023. Analyzing the ground motion and local site effects for the earthquake region has been the subject of extensive research in the past. Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) are one of the evaluation techniques utilised in the literature. Previous research employing this approach and other techniques suggested that the earthquake region’s geotechnical and seismological conditions are complicated, particularly in Hatay City. In this study, to further investigate the ground motions, six GMPEs, which were previously proposed for the USA, Europe and the Middle East, are adopted. The findings of this study are integrated with those from previous research for comprehensive assessments. This study shows that the PGA of the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes cannot be fully predicted using GMPEs, which use epicentral distance (Repi) in the equation. As a result, further research into rupture distance (Rrup) or Joyner-Boore distance (Rjb)-based equations is necessary. Also, the complexity of the region (i.e., irregularities present in alluvial deposits) and the high PGA values could be responsible for such a result. This study emphasizes the region’s need to have more sophisticated GMPEs in the future.

  AtıfScopus11·WoS8·OpenAlex3

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ2/r/bayburt/11572
  Performance analysis of piezoelectric-based energy harvesting in reinforced concrete buildings under seismic and live loads

  Ergün, Mustafa; Uyar, Mehmet; Malgaca, Levent

  The demand for autonomous energy solutions in seismic regions is increasing for the uninterrupted operation of structural health monitoring systems. In this context, energy harvesting systems offer a solution for low-power devices, especially in earthquake zones where external energy sources may be interrupted. This study evaluates the energy harvesting capacity of a piezoelectric energy harvesting mechanism placed at specific locations in the columns of a reinforced concrete structure, considering both earthquake and live load conditions. A smart building model is developed by placing sensor modules with piezoelectric material on the columns of a three-story reinforced concrete building. The finite element model of the smart building, which is formed by integrating various technologies and sensors, is created in ANSYS, and specific locations on the columns are selected as sensor points. Dynamic analyses are performed under earthquake conditions by considering seismic records from the Imperial Valley, Erzincan, and Darfield earthquakes. Experimental results of a smart structure with patched piezoelectric material are used to verify the simulation results. The voltage, current, and power responses obtained from the sensor points are examined with the payload effect placed at the end point of the sensor module. When the power values collected from the sensor points are compared, it can be said that the maximum power obtained from the smart building under both earthquake and live load is 0.355 W, while the minimum power value reaches 0.168 W. The results show that the energy harvesting mechanism can provide external power to support electronic devices in regions where earthquake effects are frequent and high. Thus, this study presents an innovative contribution to smart building systems by investigating the energy harvesting potential under earthquake and live loads in a reinforced concrete structure equipped with piezoelectric sensors. The model, validated with numerical and experimental analyses, proposes a sustainable energy source for structural health monitoring systems in seismic regions.

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  AtıfScopus1·WoS1·OpenAlex3

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11535
  Seismic resilience of existing RC dual-system buildings during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: a case study

  Tonyali, Zeliha; Kiral, Adnan; Ergun, Mustafa; Garcia, Reyes

  This study investigates the seismic resilience of an existing reinforced concrete (RC) dual-system during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The shear wall-frame dual building was designed according to the Turkish guidelines (TEC 2007) and experienced negligible damage during the earthquakes, whereas all neighboring buildings collapsed. The case study building is modeled in SAP2000® adopting a lumped plasticity approach. The 3D building model was subsequently subjected to pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses (NTHAs) using real ground motions recorded during the first and strongest mainshock of the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes ((Formula presented.) = 7.7 Pazarcik earthquake). The results from the NTHAs indicate that the maximum inter-story drift (IDR) ratios on all floors of the case study building remained below the Immediate Occupancy performance level (IDR = 1.0%). Moreover, the dual-system building designed with TEC 2007 survived the earthquakes without damage, even when the design earthquake scenarios exceeded those considered in the new and more stringent TBEC 2018 (i.e. a 475 return period). The limited damage experienced by the RC dual-system building can be largely attributed to its high wall index (WI = 1.5% and 1.84%) and high average lateral stiffness index (H/T ≥45.3), which are above the minimum values (ρ = 0.6% and H/T ≥45) suggested in previous research. This study also highlights the critical importance of site-specific ground motion selection, particularly in the context of Hatay province, where the seismic demands exhibited significant variability and intensity. This study contributes to a better understanding of the resilience of RC shear wall-frame buildings in seismic zones.

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  AtıfScopus13·WoS12·OpenAlex16

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/11158
  Investigation of notch effect in the optimum weight design of steel truss towers via Particle Swarm Optimization and Firefly Algorithm

  Yilmaz, Elif; Artar, Musa; Ergün, Mustafa

  In this study, the optimal weight designs of steel truss towers are determined, considering the notch effect. Thus, the impact of discontinuities in the cross-sections of steel elements on the total weight of the structure is revealed. For this purpose, the optimal weight designs of different truss towers analyzed by other researchers in previous years are reexamined using Particle Swarm Optimization and Firefly Algorithm. The main program where finite element analyses and optimization algorithms are encoded has been developed in MATLAB. Displacement, stress, geometric, and section height constraints are used in optimization methods. The effectiveness of these methods has been demonstrated by comparing both the results in the literature and with each other under un-notched conditions. Subsequently, considering the notch effect on the tension bar with the highest stress capacity in each structure, the impact of stress concentration on the minimum weight sizing of the structure is investigated using these proven methods. When the analysis results of both cases are examined, it is observed that the optimum weights of all structures under the notch effect have slightly increased. The stress concentration around the notch severely raises the nominal stress in the cross-section. In this case, the cross-section becomes insufficient due to the overcapacity, requiring larger profiles. The structure’s weight shows an increasing trend depending on the number of notched elements and the severity of stress concentration. Additionally, SAP2000 software is utilized for numerical simulations of the structures under identical conditions, enhancing the research content and providing further support for the comprehensive design optimization analyses. Consequently, minimizing the adverse effects of notches through careful material selection, proper manufacturing and assembly techniques, and regular maintenance is essential. The effects of notches should be considered in structural analysis and design, with measures taken to mitigate these effects when necessary.

  AtıfScopus8·WoS4·OpenAlex8

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/bayburt/16475
  Seismic behavior assessment of RC buildings controlled by passive and active techniques

  Uyar, Mehmet; Ergün, Mustafa

  In this paper, a numerical study was carried out on the effectiveness of the active earthquake control method in improving the earthquake response of RC buildings. High damping rubber bearing design was made according to the criteria of the Uniform Building Code. Three different types of isolators were obtained geometrically. Passive earthquake control of the building was provided by placing these isolators under the columns. For active earthquake control of the building, controller design was realized by integrating it into the FE transient analysis in ANSYS. The active earthquake control design was studied using a force-based and displacement-based controller with acceleration and displacement feedback. The linear dynamic earthquake analysis in the time history of all three states of the building (un-controlled, passive, and active-controlled) was made using the acceleration record of the Seferihisar (İzmir) earthquake. When the results are examined, it is seen that the active earthquake control method provides almost all of the positive behavior expected from the passive earthquake control method. In addition, it eliminates some of the disadvantages of the passive earthquake control method.

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  AtıfOpenAlex1

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1/r/bayburt/13025
  Investigation of temperature effect on the optimal weight design of steel truss bridges using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

  Keleş, Meryem; Artar, Musa; Ergün, Mustafa

  In this article, the optimum weight design of steel truss bridges is carried out by considering the effect of temperature. One of the most significant issues such structures may encounter throughout their service life is the extreme temperature changes that can occur for various reasons. If a steel bridge is designed without considering this unfavorable scenario that might arise in the future, significant damage could happen in terms of the usability limit state, and it might even collapse by exceeding its carrying capacity before reaching its service life. Therefore, this study aims to conduct weight optimizations of steel truss bridges, considering the effect of temperature. Thus, it has been revealed how high-temperature variations alter material properties and affect the overall optimum weight of the structure. For this purpose, the minimum-weight designs of three planar steel truss bridges previously analyzed by other researchers have been re-evaluated using the Cuckoo Search Algorithm. The main program containing the flow steps of the algorithm based on the finite element method is coded in MATLAB. Stress and displacement limit values are used as constraints in solving the problems. The optimum weight results for each structure in the case of temperature effect not being considered are relatively similar. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the Cuckoo Search Algorithm can optimize such problems by comparing its results with similar studies in the literature. Then, the analyses are renewed by incorporating the temperature effect using this proven method. When the findings of both cases are examined, it is observed that the optimum weight values for all structures under the influence of temperature increase. This is due to the decrease in the material's modulus of elasticity because of the high-temperature change. In this case, the cross-section is insufficient owing to the loss of rigidity, and larger profiles are needed. The structure's weight tends to increase depending on the severity of the temperature. Also, numerical simulations of the structures under the same conditions are carried out with SAP2000 software to supplement the design optimization analyses detailed above and enrich the research content.

  AtıfScopus16·WoS13·OpenAlex11

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